The West Virginia state board of education, in a move that has drawn national attention, recently rewrote parts of the Next Generation Science Standards that mention climate change鈥攁nd then voted last week to undo those edits after receiving pushback from scientists and educators.
厂迟补迟别蝉鈥� adoptions of the Next Generation standards have been slow and steady since the standards were put in final form nearly two years ago, but in recent months, the standards鈥� climate-change language has fueled pockets of controversy鈥攊n some ways echoing older debates over teaching evolutionary theory.
In Wyoming, the legislature barred the standards鈥� adoption through a budget bill last spring, with the representative who led that effort objecting to teaching global warming as a fact. But a recent proposed bill could soon overturn that decision as well.
Both West Virginia and Wyoming are among the nation鈥檚 top energy producers, which some observers say makes the climate-change debate thornier in those places.
The science standards, which emphasize application, scientific inquiry, and engineering design, were developed by 26 lead state partners and released in April 2013. West Virginia was among the lead partners, all of which committed to giving serious consideration to adopting the K-12 standards 鈥渁s presented.鈥�
The West Virginia state board put its proposed new standards鈥攁 version of the Next Generation Science Standards with some significant tweaks casting doubt on global warming鈥攐ut for public comment in October, and voted to adopt them in early December. Twelve other states and the District of Columbia had already adopted the standards.
State board member L. Wade Linger Jr., the president of TMC Technologies, an information-technology-services company based in Fairmont, W.Va., who has served on the board since 2008, spearheaded the push for modifications.
鈥淭here was a question in there that said: 鈥楢sk questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century,鈥� 鈥� Mr. Linger said, according to the Charleston Gazette newspaper in the state capital. 鈥�... [T]hat presupposes that global temperatures have risen over the past century, and, of course, there鈥檚 debate about that.鈥� (Mr. Linger could not be reached by 澳门跑狗论坛 for comment.)
Source: 澳门跑狗论坛
The rewritten standards, titled 鈥淣ext Generation Content Standards and Objectives for Science in West Virginia Schools,鈥� referred to 鈥渢he rise and fall in global temperature[s] over the past century.鈥�
Another change to the standards was within a high school standard on weather and climate. The original NGSS document asks students to: 鈥淎nalyze geoscience data and the results from global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of global or regional climate change and associated future impacts to Earth systems.鈥� The edited standards asked students to analyze data from 鈥渃omputer climate models to assess their creditability [sic] for predicting future impacts on the Earth System.鈥�
Stephen L. Pruitt, a senior vice president at Achieve, a Washington-based research and advocacy group that oversaw the science standards鈥� development, said that states 鈥渉ave a right to make changes they think are appropriate.鈥� Achieve does not officially track state adoptions, in part for that reason, he noted.
However, the National Science Teachers Association took a harder line, stating that it would not consider West Virginia an adoption state if it kept the revised language.
鈥淥ur position is that to adopt the Next Generation Science Standards is to adopt what the writers wrote and what was endorsed by the National Academy of Sciences,鈥� said David L. Evans, the executive director of the Arlington, Va.-based NSTA. 鈥淭he NGSS really does represent a very well-vetted body of scientific knowledge and practice combined with well-researched background in science pedagogy, and it鈥檚 hard for people who aren鈥檛 experts in some of those areas to make useful changes.鈥�
Many educators in West Virginia were unaware changes had been made to the original Next Generation Science Standards, and so did not review them during the comment period, according to Gayle C. Manchin, the president of the state board. 鈥淭hat was an error on our part,鈥� she said.
Once the changes came to light, 鈥渨e began to hear from the science community that changing the wording at all tampered with the integrity of the standards,鈥� said Ms. Manchin, who is also the former first lady of West Virginia. 鈥淭he science community of West Virginia, which I have great deal of respect for, their recommendation was to retain the standards in their original form.鈥�
On Jan. 14, the state board voted 6-2 to revert to the original standards and put those up for another 30 days of public comment. Ms. Manchin said that the next vote will take place in February, and that she expects the original standards to pass.
Is There Debate?
Marc Morano, the executive editor of ClimateDepot.com and a vocal climate-change skeptic, traveled from Virginia to attend the recent board hearing and argue on behalf of keeping the altered standards.
鈥淭he West Virginia board of education was being intimidated and bullied by educators who wanted to enforce conformity,鈥� he said in an interview. 鈥淚t鈥檚 the kids who are going to suffer. They鈥檙e going to be told there鈥檚 no debate, there鈥檚 no dissent.鈥�
But proponents of the standards say the language on climate change is based on scientific consensus.
Brian J. Reiser, a professor of learning sciences at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., who worked on the National Research Council document that led to the development of the standards, said 鈥渢here really isn鈥檛 debate鈥� among scientists about whether global warming is occurring.
If legislators remove climate change because it鈥檚 labeled a theory, 鈥渢hen should we take out [the theory of] gravity?鈥� he asked. 鈥淭heories are the most important product of science. We should be careful to distinguish a scientific theory from a theory in the everyday sense.鈥�
Joseph Krajcik, a professor of science education at Michigan State University in East Lansing, who served as a writing-team leader for the Next Generation standards, said 鈥渨e were extremely careful in what we were saying.鈥�
As for whether climate change is occurring, he said: 鈥淭he data鈥檚 there. Are you going to deny the data?鈥�
Wyoming Reconsiders
In March of last year, the Wyoming legislature passed a budget with a footnote prohibiting the board of education from adopting the Next Generation Science Standards. Republican Rep. Matt Teeters, who proposed the footnote, told the Casper Star-Tribune that the standards 鈥渉andle global warming as settled science. ... There鈥檚 all kinds of social implications involved in that that I don鈥檛 think would be good for Wyoming.鈥�
(Mr. Teeters was not re-elected to the legislature in November and could not be reached for comment.)
In response, a group of retired science and math educators from the University of Wyoming, a coalition of Wyoming churches, and others came out in support of the standards.
State Rep. John W. Patton, a Republican, led the charge on a new bill to repeal the budget footnote. Mr. Patton, who is the chairman of the House education committee and formerly served on the state board of education, argues that the legislature should not interfere with the board鈥檚 ability to review standards.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 a statutory responsibility,鈥� he said in an interview.
Fossil-Fuel Industry
South Carolina legislatively blocked adoption of the new standards as well鈥攖hough Mick Zais, the state superintendent of education, said in a press release that鈥檚 because the Thomas B. Fordham Institute, a Washington-based education think tank, gave the national standards a C grade, while the state鈥檚 standards received an A-minus.
Climate change is a particularly sensitive issue in West Virginia because of the state鈥檚 reliance on fossil fuels, said Ms. Manchin.
The same could also be said for Wyoming. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Wyoming ranks first for domestic coal production, and West Virginia ranks second. They rank eighth and 18th, respectively, for crude oil production.
But Mr. Evans of the NSTA said that, 鈥渂y and large, the big players in the fossil-fuel industry seem to be pretty supportive of the Next Generation Science Standards and improving science education.鈥� The Chevron Corp. and ExxonMobil鈥攖he two largest American oil companies鈥�have publicly endorsed the standards.
