The recessionary pressures that have forced school leaders to make painful program and personnel cuts may also have accelerated the quest for savings through innovation鈥攁nd enhanced the allure of educational technology as a vehicle.
Online curricula, distance learning, netbooks and cellphones in the classroom, and Web 2.0 tools鈥攖hink Facebook and Skype鈥攁s a means of student collaboration have all gained luster as the drive to do more with less overlaps with the demands of educating a generation of digital natives.
Still unclear, though, is just how significant such innovations are likely to prove as a cost-cutting strategy, whatever their educational value.
It鈥檚 a front-and-center issue for administrators involved in educational technology, so much so that the theme of this spring鈥檚 Consortium for School Networking conference鈥攈osted by the Washington-based advocates for the nation鈥檚 precollegiate and postsecondary chief technology officers鈥攊s how to use the financial climate to their advantage.
鈥淚n times of a severe economic crisis, ... the public sector, as well as the private sector, has been asked to rethink and be innovative,鈥� says Keith R. Krueger, the president of CoSN. 鈥淭o not do everything, but to really think about what is going to move the needle. 鈥� What can we do that will get us ten times the result at 20 percent the cost?鈥�
Emerging Trends
Some of the emerging trends are clear.
Over the past year, districts have re-examined their policies on the use of student-owned, multifunctional smartphones, in many cases adjusting policies so that such devices can be used to achieve the 1-to-1 classroom computing-ratio desired by many technology advocates.
Meanwhile, such states as Illinois and Oregon are launching cloud-computing projects. Cloud applications are hosted on the Internet instead of an on-site network server.
In Oregon, officials estimate the state will save $1.5 million annually after agreeing to use Google Apps. Teachers and students in the state will be able to use e-mail, documents, video, phone, and website-building tools that Google hosts on the cloud, though security concerns mean student data will be hosted elsewhere.
鈥淥nce we figure out how really secure it might be, and there鈥檚 a common understanding of that, I think you鈥檙e going to see cloud computing take off at a really fast rate,鈥� says Carla Wade, an educational technology specialist at the Oregon Department of Education.
Still, Wade notes that even she has questions about exactly how the cloud works. 鈥淚f I don鈥檛 understand it in my position,鈥� she says, 鈥渨e鈥檝e got a lot of work to do.鈥�
Web-based strategies and technologies may add educational value while offering the promise of greater operational efficiency.
MOBILE DEVICES:
Piggybacking on the widespread ownership of smartphones and other hand-held devices by students across the socioeconomic spectrum to boost access to online educational content and move closer to the goal of 1-to-1 computing without big new investment in laptops and netbooks.
CLOUD COMPUTING:
Using Web-based, rather than school-based, servers to host everything from office e-mail and school business documents to student and employee records, allowing the central office to cut down on a host of technology-based hardware and utility costs.
SOCIAL NETWORKING:
Utilizing tools such as Facebook and Skype to expand the classroom community beyond school hours without a big investment in infrastructure. Benefits can include greater teacher-student interaction, online discussions, and the development of professional learning communities among teachers.
DISTANCE LEARNING:
Offering online courses in such labor-intensive, specialized, and/or hard-to-staff subjects as foreign languages, Advanced Placement in rural areas, and credit recovery.
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Other options, such as the use of online and so-called blended courses, the employment of digital textbooks, and online curricula, are also gaining appeal for their money-saving potential.
According to an issue brief from the National Governors Association, California has estimated potential savings in the range of $200 million over several years from using open-source digital textbooks, though its current digital-textbook initiative does not specifically stipulate the use of open-source content.
Meanwhile, one recent survey of more than 400 high school principals found that most were interested in expanding online course offerings鈥攑articularly to resource-intensive Advanced Placement and credit-recovery students鈥攄espite possible misgivings about the effectiveness of online teachers.
A logical conclusion may be that cost-cutting is pushing that interest. A recent compendium by CoSN supports such a view, showing the cost per student of delivering two online courses to students in Michigan鈥檚 15,000-student Walled Lake school district to be only 40 percent of the cost of delivering two traditional courses. The compendium estimates the cost of two traditional courses to be just under $1,000.
But Donald G. Knezek, the executive director of the International Society for Technology in Education, or ISTE, based in Washington, cautions that online learning is more effective at reducing spending when implemented under the right conditions, and not merely as a financial measure.
鈥淥nline professional development and online learning for low-demand courses can provide savings,鈥� Knezek says. Less clear, he says, is what educational leaders can do with technology to reduce stress on their operational budgets.
Anthony Picciano, a co-author of the principals鈥� survey, published by the Babson Survey Research Group, based at Babson College in Wellesley, Mass., says other factors could contribute to interest in online learning. He points out that the survey found the biggest rise in online learning came in credit-recovery courses, which are seen as important from a dropout-prevention standpoint, but are often viewed as putting significant stress on teachers.
鈥淭here鈥檚 incredible pressure on the part of all principals, whether primary, middle, or secondary, to get their students through the program,鈥� Picciano says. 鈥淚f you look at it within the high school, frequently these students are the most difficult to teach. And now they have a vehicle that is largely dependent on technology to get them through these courses.鈥�
Booming Demand
The drive to economize is reflected in the rapidly increasing demand for connectivity on K-12 and community college campuses, says Wendy Wigen, a government-relations officer for postsecondary information-technology advocacy group Educause, which is based in Boulder, Colo.
That demand was reflected in the Federal Communications Commission鈥檚 decision last year to, for the first time, index for inflation the federal E-rate program, which provides schools subsidized discounts for Internet technology.
鈥淭he need to share facilities and resources has really burgeoned as a method of saving precious funds,鈥� says Wigen, who is working on the Unified Community Anchor Network, a project that aims to help extend higher education鈥檚 broadband access to libraries and public schools. 鈥淭he demand for bandwidth is just skyrocketing.鈥�
That the recession arrived just as many technologies were entrenching themselves in the mainstream may have served only to enhance their perceived value as tools for cost savings.
Free Web 2.0 tools such as (2005), the social network (2004), and the videoconferencing software (2003) had been in use for some time when, in fall 2008, the financial crisis deepened the recession that officially began the preceding December. Technology experts already shared a sense of their educational potential. Similarly, cheaper, more portable laptops called netbooks hit the market before the downturn, making a budget-driven transition to the machines possible.
In the 11,000-student Daviess County, Ky., school system, Superintendent Tom Shelton and Director of Technology Matthew Constant helped found a 1-to-1 laptop-computer program for high school students in 2004. As budgets have contracted since then, the district has been able to cut machine and software costs in half by switching from laptops to netbooks. Including all add-ons, the devices now used by 3,300 students cost roughly $800 per unit, down from $1,600 when the program started.
鈥淚f the recession would鈥檝e happened earlier, 鈥� I don鈥檛 necessarily think it would鈥檝e changed the technology we use as much as it may have killed the whole program,鈥� says Shelton, who had to petition the state for the right to use netbooks with state funding, and also needed those first years to show results to win more local funding. 鈥淥ur board would not have been as open to making the tax levies that they did.鈥�
Experts say other savings can be gained from more fully utilizing the technology already on campus. The range of steps may include encouraging teachers to seek available online content in place of a workbook or textbook, keeping more-thorough electronic records to eliminate paper waste, and electronically controlling the building thermostat.
鈥淚f you think about where we spend our money,鈥� CoSN鈥檚 Krueger says, 鈥渓et鈥檚 say 75 to 80 percent is on personnel, probably another 10 percent is on facility. Facility has a huge opportunity for technology to save you money.鈥�
Krueger adds that the integration of technology is more successful when healthy relationships exist between technology professionals and other school administrators, so the benefit of technology projects for other portions of the school budget can be fully explained.
Beyond that, it may depend on a shift in priorities鈥攁nd perhaps in budgetary focus.
鈥淥ur board here has said that they recognize two facts,鈥� says Shelton, the superintendent in Daviess County. 鈥淥ne, that kids are living in a digital world, and that鈥檚 a part of who they are and a part of how they learn. And two, that鈥檚 a part of what they鈥檙e going to have to know when they get out of school.
鈥淲hen you make that a priority,鈥� Shelton continues, 鈥渨e may have to come in and evaluate our budget and say, well, there鈥檚 something else that may have to go. 鈥� You can鈥檛 always look for new dollars. You鈥檝e got to look to be creative with your own funds.鈥�
