As the common core is brought to life in classrooms this year, some English/language arts teachers are finding themselves caught in a swirl of debate about whether the new standards require them to cut back on prized pieces of the literary canon to make room for nonfiction.
A recent spate of news reports has ignited a new wave of anxiety about the Common Core State Standards鈥� emphasis on 鈥渋nformational text.鈥� Prominent coverage has been given by mainstream news organizations to a handful of teachers鈥� complaints that they have had to drop cherished works of literature from their curricula. 鈥淐ommon Core Sparks War of Words,鈥� proclaimed a front-page headline in The Washington Post. 鈥淐atcher in the Rye Dropped From US School Curriculum,鈥� said one in London鈥檚 Telegraph.
Frustrated with what they consider distortions, the common core鈥檚 staunchest advocates have tried to correct the record, arguing that great works of fiction are a bulwark of the standards. In some states and districts, little or no guidance is being offered on the issue for teachers, leaving them to grapple with achieving the right balance of fiction and nonfiction on their own. Even where guidance is offered, teachers are carrying away varying messages, resulting in some cases in bitter disagreements over who is misinterpreting the standards.
The resulting landscape is pockmarked with debates about how much the standards require English/language arts teachers to change the literature they鈥檝e long taught, whether that change is positive or negative, and how teachers across the curriculum should be sharing the new expectations.
Arkansas offers a microcosm of the debate. On the front lines, two veteran English/language arts teachers have come away with very different interpretations and judgments.
Group Consensus
Jamie Highfill, who teaches 8th grade at Woodland Junior High School in Fayetteville, found no room this year for her cherished nine-week unit on poetry. Ditto for her unit on comedy and parody. The district鈥檚 new curriculum called for her to spend most of the last quarter teaching portions of Malcolm Gladwell鈥檚 Tipping Point, along with other articles he has written, for a unit on 鈥渃ausing positive epidemics.鈥�
The units before that鈥攐n constructing one鈥檚 identity and on how individuals choose to treat others鈥攊ncluded newspaper articles, a poem by Emily Dickinson, a short story by Ray Bradbury, Mark Twain"s 鈥淎dvice to Youth鈥� speech, the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and the Stolen Valor Act, the 2006 federal law specifying punishment for misrepresentations of military service.
Ms. Highfill, an 11-year veteran and the Arkansas Council of Teachers of English Language Arts鈥� middle school teacher of the year in 2011, said she now weaves pieces of her old poetry unit into the new curriculum whenever they are relevant.
But she is dogged by concerns that students have lost something important, and that much of what displaced it, like the Gladwell book, is not a good match developmentally for her 8th graders.
鈥淭hese are very abstract concepts for them,鈥� she said. "[What they read] needs to be challenging, but it also needs to be reachable. I wasn鈥檛 scaffolding it so they could understand it; I found myself dragging them through it because it was so difficult for them.鈥�
At the Fayetteville district office, Sandra Taylor, the English/language arts director, noted that the new curriculum was written with the district鈥檚 teachers and laid out only what central, or 鈥渁nchor,鈥� texts should be used, encompassing poetry, novels, short fiction, and works of nonfiction.
鈥淲e still teach 鈥楻omeo and Juliet.鈥� We still teach To Kill a Mockingbird,鈥� she said.
In choosing supplemental texts for those units, she said, there is 鈥減lenty of leeway鈥� in the new curriculum for teachers to use literary works they consider important.
鈥淲hen you have teachers who have been used to teaching their own things, now having to come together in a group, the group consensus is what decides it, and not everyone gets their way,鈥� Ms. Taylor said. 鈥淵ou might have two anchor texts you鈥檙e looking at; seven people want one, and two want the other.鈥�
Instructional facilitators in each building of the 9,100-student district are trying to convey the message of shared anchor texts and flexibility through supplemental texts, she said, but 鈥渨e do have some misinterpretations from teacher to teacher.鈥�
Confusion Expected
At the state department of education in Little Rock, officials have sought to clarify the question of the fiction-nonfiction balance with school- and district-based training and written guidance.
The guiding documents describe the standards鈥� balance of nonfiction to fiction鈥�50 percent 鈥渋nformational text鈥� across the elementary school curriculum, rising to 70 percent at the high school level. In the English/language arts classroom, the guidance says, informational texts can emphasize literary nonfiction such as essays, speeches, memoirs, and biographies.
Dana Breitweiser, who oversees the department鈥檚 English/language arts program, said the department has 鈥渘ot gotten a lot of calls on this issue.鈥�
鈥淚 don鈥檛 know if most of the schools understand, or just think they understand and don鈥檛 ask questions,鈥� she said. But she also recognizes that educators are still in the throes of absorbing a lot of new information.
鈥淎ny time you start a new initiative, and there are big paradigm shifts, there are going to be misunderstandings and misconceptions in the beginning,鈥� Ms. Breitweiser said. 鈥淲e know it takes time to get everyone on board.鈥�
English teachers should not have to displace large numbers of literary works, she said, since teachers of other subjects should be carrying a good deal of the informational-text responsibility. Ideally, she said, teachers are working in cross-disciplinary teams to decide how to balance those shared responsibilities in a solid curriculum.
鈥淚 would ask why you are cutting those chunks of literature if you鈥檝e got a rich curriculum,鈥� Ms. Breitweiser said. 鈥淪tudents should be reading from all types of text. It involves all the teachers a student encounters during the school day.鈥�
Ms. Highfill resents the notion that teachers are misconstruing the standards if they feel they must drop large swaths of literature from their lessons.
鈥淚鈥檓 offended by that,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t feels like a blame game. If it were that clear, why is there such a disconnect on a nationwide basis?鈥�
She said the new curriculum is so packed that she felt she was 鈥渉itting my kids so fast with stuff they didn鈥檛 have time to absorb.鈥�
And Ms. Highfill has not found the guidance on shared, cross-curricular responsibility to be translating into classroom reality. In her district, she said, 鈥渢here still seems to be more of a focus on English teachers鈥� using nonfiction in classrooms than the other content areas stepping up to the plate.鈥�
Instruction Strengthened
About 150 miles southeast of Fayetteville, at Carl Stuart Middle School in Conway, Ark., 5th and 6th grade English/language arts teacher Kathy Powers has had a very different experience implementing the common standards.
She has traded away some of the texts she most loved teaching鈥攈er 鈥渟acred cows,鈥� like Island of the Blue Dolphins, by Scott O鈥橠ell, and a poetry unit capped by an evening 鈥減oetry slam"鈥攖o accommodate a blend of fiction and nonfiction in a new district curriculum.
But she says that she has retained many texts she and her students love, such as C.S. Lewis鈥� The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, and that the fiction-nonfiction blend has been overwhelmingly positive.
The 20-year veteran, who was Arkansas鈥� 2011 teacher of the year, said she has found that sprinkling many of the poems from her old poetry unit into her nonfiction instruction has strengthened her teaching of both genres.
For instance, she uses Walt Whitman鈥檚 poem 鈥淥 Captain! My Captain!鈥� in a unit about Abraham Lincoln鈥檚 assassination, alongside Chasing Lincoln鈥檚 Killer, a work of nonfiction by James L. Swanson, and Assassin, a historical novel by Anna Myers.
鈥淚n the past, I would teach fiction and explore more narrative writing, and leave it to the social studies teachers to teach nonfiction, but doing both makes my instruction stronger,鈥� said Ms. Powers. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a stretch for me, but it鈥檚 more beneficial for my students.鈥�
When she and her fellow teachers first began reorganizing who would teach which works of fiction and nonfiction, 鈥淚 did hear, 鈥楬ow am I ever going to do this?鈥� from colleagues,鈥� Ms. Powers said. 鈥淏ut once we put the units together, they saw how it could work. It will just take some time to own these new units and make them compatible with your teaching style.鈥�
Accountability Concerns
Some of what has stoked controversy about the standards鈥� emphasis on nonfiction is the document鈥檚 Appendix B list of 鈥渆xemplar鈥� texts.
High-school-level suggestions, for instance, include FedViews, the newsletter of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco; and 鈥淓xecutive Order 13423: Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management,鈥� by the General Services Administration.
But common-core architects say such titles are meant for classes other than English, and seeing them as texts that displace works like The Catcher in the Rye takes titles out of context and ignores the messages of the standards document as a whole.
In an essay published online Dec. 11 in the Huffington Post, Susan Pimentel and David Coleman, the lead authors of the ELA standards, lamented the 鈥渕istaken belief鈥� that more informational text means that literature and fiction 鈥渟hould take a back seat鈥� in the high school English/language arts classroom.
They noted that Page 57 of the standards lists text types that are envisioned as being at the heart of such classrooms, from novels and one-act plays to lyrical poetry, essays, opinion pieces, and biographies. They pointed out that Page 58 offers a selection of book titles, including Mark Twain鈥檚 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and F. Scott Fitzgerald鈥檚 The Great Gatsby, that makes high-quality fiction鈥檚 role in the ELA classroom 鈥渦nambiguous.鈥�
In an email to 澳门跑狗论坛, Ms. Pimentel said that teachers and local administrators are the ones who must decide how to share responsibility for the increased emphasis on nonfiction. 鈥淚f a lot of good, close reading of high-quality, challenging texts is going on in science and history classes,鈥� she said, 鈥渢hen English/language arts teachers need to carry less of that responsibility.鈥�
The common-core authors 鈥渞ecommend that ELA teachers be part of the change,鈥� she said, but that is up to each school or district to decide, and she noted that the standards do call for English/language arts teachers to teach some informational text.
Still, 鈥渨e expect that in most ELA classrooms, literature is likely to account for the great majority of reading,鈥� Ms. Pimentel said.
William Maniotis, an English teacher at Merrimack High School in Merrimack, N.H., has his doubts that it will work out that way.
When he reads the common standards, he doesn鈥檛 conclude that he must drop a lot of fiction from his classroom, he said, but upcoming assessments for the common standards, due to roll out in 2014-15, could exert a powerful influence on that. It is English/language arts teachers who will be held accountable for the results, which will drive what happens in their classrooms week to week, he said.
鈥淲hen the new tests come out, and the focus is more on nonfiction, and the test scores go down, who are they going to look to to fix that? The English teachers,鈥� said Mr. Maniotis, who has taught for 17 years.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 the dilemma we face,鈥� he said. 鈥淓ven though we use predominantly literature in our classrooms, we are going to have to cope with the nonfictional piece to an inordinate extent.鈥�
Recovering the Prince
Getting the right fiction-nonfiction balance in the long term can mean short-term sacrifices.
Jim Burke, who teaches English at Burlingame High School in San Mateo, Calif., said he couldn鈥檛 find room to teach 鈥淗amlet鈥� last semester, as he was focusing intently on a nonfiction-heavy unit aimed at the research and synthesis skills in the standards.
He thought his students benefited immensely from the unit, writing challenging eight- to 10-page papers that bolstered their college preparedness, he said. And he even managed to work in Hermann Hesse鈥檚 novel Siddhartha.
But still, it pained him that Shakespeare鈥檚 classic went by the wayside. Next year, he will know better how to trim the unit so that he can include 鈥淗amlet,鈥� he said.
鈥淵ou have to be willing to accept a certain amount of mess in this process of redevelopment, reimagining the curriculum,鈥� said Mr. Burke, who also runs a popular online discussion forum for English teachers. 鈥淎 class is a working draft. You inevitably have some stuff on the floor.鈥�
The spring semester, an inquiry into the relationship of fear to power, will include 1984 by George Orwell, Julia 脕lvarez鈥檚 In the Time of the Butterflies, and Franz Kafka鈥檚 鈥淢etamorphosis.鈥�
