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Montessori education has a more than century-old history in the United States, but thanks to burgeoning charter and parent-advocacy movements, the model is in the midst of an unprecedented boom in public schools.

At the same time, new research raises questions about how the model will fit with states鈥� and districts鈥� test-focused accountability systems in public education, as well as how well it will fit the needs of diverse students in its communities.

Nationwide, more than 500 public schools enrolling 125,000 students follow the Montessori model鈥攁n education approach that emphasizes child-directed learning in multiage classrooms. Nearly 300 of the public Montessori schools have opened in the past 15 years, according to Mira Debs, a Montessori doctoral researcher at Yale University who has tracked that growth.

Gettysburg Montessori Charter School, a few miles from the famous Pennsylvania battleground, is one of them, and its story mirrors that of many of the new public Montessori schools.

The school grew out of a small private Montessori school for preschool and young elementary pupils in the area. A group of parents whose children had attended the preschool petitioned the Gettysburg school district to open a separate charter Montessori for K-6 in 2009.

Today, the school serves 155 students drawn from 10 surrounding districts and is planning to open two new campuses in the next five years to help accommodate its waiting list. 鈥淎 lot of our students come by word of mouth,鈥� said Gettysburg Principal Faye Pleso. 鈥淢ost people pay a lot of money to send their children to Montessori, and we are free.鈥�

Nationwide, students in public Montessori programs鈥攑articularly black and Hispanic students鈥�are more likely to attend schools with students of other races than are students attending other public schools, Debs found in forthcoming research. For example, more than half of Latino students in public Montessoris in 2012-13 attended a racially diverse school, compared to only 34 percent of Latino public school students nationwide.

Accountability vs. Pedagogy

Gettysburg Montessori, like most schools employing the model, uses multiage classrooms covering grades 1-2, 3-4, and 5-6.

That can make meeting state standards tricky, Pleso said.

鈥淲e are a public school, so we are absolutely mandated to comply with all the regulations for Pennsylvania.鈥� That means making sure the multiage classrooms cover all the state standards for each grade, but, 鈥渋t鈥檚 all with a Montessori twist,鈥� she said. 鈥淭he students get their formal instruction, then go into their small groups or individual work. We鈥檙e kind of a Montessori hybrid.鈥�

The Boyd County, Ky., school system has used Montessori for all its preschools since 1985, and it fits the current push to 鈥渆ducate the whole child,鈥� said Carla Malone, Boyd County鈥檚 preschool director.

鈥淭he pros of utilizing the Montessori approach are that it is individualized. It teaches the way that young children learn,鈥� Boyd said, but she has found that the rising rigor and structure in state standards puts pressure on the Montessori philosophy of children exploring and learning on their own.

鈥淭he approach indicates that the children require three hours of uninterrupted work,鈥� Malone said. 鈥淚t is difficult to get that much time in each day. The Kentucky state regulations have expectations and guidelines that must be followed as well.鈥�

In addition, keeping teachers up to date on both state-required training and separate Montessori certification drains both time and money, she said.

Diversity and 鈥楩it鈥�

The pressure to meet structural and academic requirements is a piece of irony for Yale鈥檚 Debs. During the 1960s and 鈥�70s, Montessori was seen as useful for closing early-childhood achievement gaps for poor and minority children because it included more structure and skill development than free-play nursery programs. That helped spur the model鈥檚 use in magnet programs designed to integrate urban districts that had experienced white flight to the suburbs.

In the past five years, the numbers of new charter schools have begun to outpace new magnet schools using the Montessori approach, making some Montessori experts question whether the new schools will carry on the model鈥檚 social-justice commitment to serving diverse students.

鈥淭here鈥檚 always been this tension between Montessori鈥檚 social justice and the perception of it as something elite,鈥� Debs said.

In a study of 300 whole-school programs in the 470 Montessori public schools open in 2012-13, Debs found charter Montessoris are on average less economically and racially diverse than Montessori magnet schools nationwide. More than half of Montessori magnets enroll 50 percent to 75 percent students of color, compared with just 20 percent of charter Montessori schools.

Katie Brown, the District of Columbia regional coordinator for the National Center for Montessori in the Public Sector, and other center researchers in 2015 analyzed 166 charter Montessori programs nationwide. About a third of the schools mirrored their communities racially, but most overrepresented white students. Overall, more than 60 percent of the 38,000 students enrolled were white.

The 鈥渨hiteness鈥� of many Montessori charters was not surprising to Maia Cucchiara, an associate professor of urban education at Temple University, who was not associated with the new research. 鈥淲e really need to understand this against the backdrop of extreme competition for good education and markers of academic success,鈥� Cucchiara said, in a discussion at the American Educational Research Association conference in Washington last month. 鈥淔or many families, there鈥檚 a sense that their children鈥檚 future is highly contingent [on education] and they can鈥檛 depend on school to make their children successful. That鈥檚 a profound shift in the last 20 years.鈥�

Once part of Montessori schools, parents can bring their own pressure to bear on the model鈥檚 less academically-oriented practices, such as exploring nature or using manipulatives to work out math concepts on their own.

鈥淭he language in school choice is often around 鈥榝it.鈥� You hear parents talking about it; you hear school choice representatives talking about it. ... 鈥楶ick a school that fits your child.鈥� But I found 鈥榝it鈥� can be a really ethnically- and racially-contingent process, particularly for black and Latino parents,鈥� Debs said.

She conducted more than 260 hours of classroom observation and a series of in-depth interviews with 31 families in two new public Montessori schools in Hartford, Conn. Both schools had lower poverty levels than the district and other area magnet schools, but racially diverse classes. No racial group made up more than 35 percent of the schools. Parents of all racial backgrounds strongly supported Montessori practices, but nearly half the black and Latino parents said they felt 鈥渃onflicted鈥� about the approach, in contrast to only 4 percent of white parents. In particular, while black and Latino parents liked their children developing autonomy and leadership skills, they worried that the approach was not academically rigorous enough and that it focused on abstract concepts of education rather than on concrete outcomes like getting to college.

One black mother told Debs she was concerned because, 鈥渁s much as I do love the program, my child still has to compete on a national level.鈥�

鈥淥ne of the dangers of using this language of 鈥榝it鈥� is that schools can say, well, this parent is just not a good fit鈥� for Montessori, Debs said. 鈥淚 found for every family it was a process of interpretation. You couldn鈥檛 necessarily predict and say Montessori doesn鈥檛 work for these types of families.鈥�

She argued that schools that use Montessori and other models that differ significantly from traditional pedagogy should do more to acknowledge parents鈥� concerns and help them understand how practices like gardening relate to academic-achievement expectations.

Gettysburg Montessori is overwhelmingly white鈥攐n par with the Gettysburg district鈥攂ut more than half its students qualify for free or reduced-price meals, a higher rate than the district鈥檚, which is at about a third. Pleso, the principal, said she focuses on close connections to parents to counter concerns and make sure families feel they are a part of the school. For example, she has coffee with groups of three to four parents at a time, covering every family. She also meets with parents of children going into grades that participate in Pennsylvania鈥檚 accountability testing to explain how students prepare.

鈥淲e have parents everywhere from professors at the local college to parents who are unemployed,鈥� Pleso said. 鈥淚t boils down to relationship-building, taking time to really get to know the parents and get to know the children.鈥�