Most American students spend less than an hour a day on homework, according to a pair of national studies presented last week, and that workload is no bigger than it was half a century ago.
is available from the Brookings Institution鈥檚 .
鈥淭here is this view in the popular media that there has been this terrible burden of homework on children, and that the homework is increasing,鈥� said Tom Loveless, the director of the Brown Center on Education Policy at the Brookings Institution. 鈥淭hat is not the case.鈥�
The Washington think tank released one of the studies at a press conference here. The second study, which is scheduled to be published next month in the journal Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, is by the RAND Corp.
From Half Moon Bay, Calif., to Piscataway, N.J., parents have been in the news in recent years calling on local educators to lighten their children鈥檚 homework loads. Some school boards have responded to the complaints by limiting the amount of homework teachers in their districts could assign.
See the accompanying chart, 鈥淪tudy Habits.鈥�
The stories of crushing homework burdens in those communities and elsewhere were bolstered by a 2000 study by the University of Michigan鈥檚 Population Studies Center. Using time diaries kept by nationally representative samples of families, the Michigan researchers found that, among children between the ages of 3 and 12, the average amount of time devoted to studying each week had increased from one hour and 53 minutes in 1981 to two hours and 16 minutes in 1997鈥攁 gain of 23 minutes a week.
A Closer Look
What the news stories often didn鈥檛 report, Mr. Loveless said, was that much of that increase came among 6- to 8- year-olds. Among those children, time spent on homework more than doubled, rising from 52 minutes a week to two hours and 8 minutes.
鈥淚 think that鈥檚 probably real and probably due to the emphasis on reading that started in the 1990s,鈥� Mr. Loveless said.
For the two other age groups studied, though, fewer children were doing homework in 1997 than in 1981.
Statistically speaking, Mr. Loveless added, the increase in homework for younger children seemed especially large because many pupils in their age group were not doing any homework when the study began in 1981.
鈥淲hat鈥檚 driving the average is that there were a lot of zeroes in the Michigan data,鈥� he said, 鈥渁nd now those kids are doing some homework.鈥�'
Likewise, he added, the National Assessment of Educational Progress, a congressionally mandated set of exams given to nationally representative groups of students, shows that the percentage of students who said they had done an hour or more of homework the previous night dropped slightly from 1984 to 1999. By 1999, only a third of the 13- and 17- year-olds in that survey reported doing an hour or more of homework.
The same was true of the 282,000 college freshmen surveyed last year by researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles. Only 34 percent of that group reported spending more than an hour each weekday on homework during their senior year of high school. That鈥檚 the lowest percentage since the California researchers first put that question on their surveys in 1987.
In fact, said Brian P. Gill, the author of the upcoming RAND study, high school students鈥� homework loads have not increased much since 1948鈥攅xcept for the decade after 1957, when the Soviet Union鈥檚 launch of its first Sputnik satellite spurred a push for more rigor in U.S. schools.
鈥淭here was no golden age for homework that we could find,鈥� said Mr. Gill, who is a social scientist in RAND鈥檚 Pittsburgh office. 鈥淓ven at the peak, no more than one in four high school students were studying more than two hours a night.鈥�
What鈥檚 more, the researchers said, international studies show that, in their final year of secondary school, students in France, Italy, Russia, and South Africa spend twice as much time on homework as their American counterparts do.
It鈥檚 not that the stories that children are shouldering backbreaking homework loads are untrue, Mr. Loveless said. 鈥淭he question is whether or not they are typical, and they are not,鈥� he said.
Harris M. Cooper, a Duke University researcher who is nationally noted for his studies on homework, said that Mr. Loveless鈥� and Mr. Gill鈥檚 conclusion made sense.
鈥淚 think, nationwide, the general statement would be that educators generally have it right,鈥� said Mr. Cooper, who has developed guidelines suggesting that students鈥� homework should increase by 10 minutes for every year they are in school.
Like Mr. Loveless and Mr. Gill, he suspects that the complaints about homework may be coming from specific groups in society. Besides the parents of young children, he said, those groups might include parents in middle-class communities where there鈥檚 a strong public press for academic achievement, from single parents, and from families in which both parents work.
鈥淪ome of these parents are getting home late and they have their own work to do, and they may have more than one child who has homework,鈥� Mr. Cooper explained.
鈥楶arents Complain鈥�
Anthony B. Harduar, the principal of Central Elementary School, a K-6 school in rural Ferndale, Wash., said he agrees with the researchers鈥� contention that students are doing no more homework than they鈥檝e always done. That鈥檚 been the case at least in his 10 years as principal of Central.
鈥淥ne reason for that is when we actually assign homework that takes a little bit of time, many parents complain,鈥� said Mr. Harduar, who is also the president of the 30,000-member National Association of Elementary School Principals. 鈥淏ut there is not enough time in the school day to get in all the practice that students need.鈥�
His solution: before- and after-school homework clubs where students can practice new academic skills while teachers supervise them.
But Etta Kralovec, a co-author of the 2000 book The End of Homework: How Homework Disrupts Families, Overburdens Children, and Limits Learning, said problems with onerous homework assignments may be more pervasive than the national numbers suggest.
鈥淭he nuances and experiences of people in society really get covered over by the larger statistical databases,鈥� she said. 鈥淧eople in the media are actually much more connected to the stuff that people in the grocery store are talking about.鈥�
Ms. Kralovec said the findings also gloss over the question of whether giving more homework improves achievement. Studies show a correlation between homework and higher test scores in the upper grades. But in elementary school, she said, the opposite is often true鈥攑ossibly because the students who spend the most time on homework at that age are those who need the most help.
Mr. Gill said the uproar over homework in some communities now is reminiscent of similar debates in the early 1900s. The public debate in those years led lawmakers in California to ban homework altogether at one point.
Then, as now, public-opinion surveys showed that most parents favored the practice of assigning homework, he said.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 think parents think it鈥檚 too much,鈥� said Denise Motz, a mother of two elementary school children in suburban Deale, Md. 鈥淚 actually saw a note from another parent the other day who said we need more homework.鈥�
Those pro-homework parents may yet get their wish, some educators suspect, if schools pile on homework to meet the goals of the federal No Child Left Behind Act. Mr. Gill, however, is skeptical that will come to pass.
