The news that U.S. achievement was stagnant on a global exam as other nations plowed ahead triggered agenda-driven pronouncements from all sides last week, but some experts caution against making policy prescriptions based on 15-year-olds鈥� results on the assessment.
In all subjects tested鈥攔eading, mathematics, and science鈥攎ore countries scored above the United States than did so in 2009 on the Program for International Student Assessment, or PISA. In the most striking example, 10 additional nations, including Germany and Poland, surpassed the U.S. average in reading compared with three years ago.
鈥淲e鈥檙e running in place as other high-performing countries start to lap us,鈥� U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said at a daylong live-webcast event here Dec. 3. There鈥檚 鈥渟o much to learn from countries that have outperformed us.鈥�
Mr. Duncan emphasized the need for improved early-childhood education and 鈥渆levating and strengthening the teaching profession鈥� in the United States.
But Mark Schneider, a vice president at the American Institutes for Research, said that, too often, stakeholders use PISA 鈥渢o confirm existing policy preferences.鈥�
鈥淧eople have their favorite policy prescriptions and plug PISA data into it,鈥� said Mr. Schneider, a former commissioner of the National Center for Education Statistics. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not clear to me what the logical foundation is for observing a sample of 15-year-olds and talking about preschool.鈥�
In math, 29 nations and jurisdictions outperformed the United States by a statistically significant margin, up from 23 three years ago, the results show. The nations that eclipsed the U.S. average include not only traditional high fliers like South Korea and Singapore, but also Austria, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam.
In science, 22 education systems scored above the U.S. average, up from 18 in 2009.
Secretary Duncan and Angel Gurr铆a, the secretary general for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, officially announced the U.S. scores at the rollout event, which was cosponsored by a host of organizations, including the College Board, the Council of Chief State School Officers, and the Alliance for Excellent Education, a Washington-based advocacy group. In an opening speech, Gurr铆a noted that 40 of the 65 education systems participating in PISA improved in at least one subject since 2003.
鈥淏razil progressed from low levels, Germany and Poland moved from adequate to good, and Shanghai and Singapore from good to great,鈥� he said. U.S. performance, on the other hand, has been 鈥渇undamentally flat.鈥�
Knowledge and Application
The global assessment compares reading, math, and science 鈥渓iteracy"鈥攐r knowledge and application of skills鈥攁mong 15-year-olds internationally. For the first time, the report also includes separately reported results for public school students in three American states: Connecticut, Florida, and Massachusetts. The states each paid about $600,000 to be tested and ranked separately from the United States.
Massachusetts, long a top-performing state, made an especially strong showing on the global stage: It scored better than the average in all subjects for the 34 industrialized nations that comprise the OECD.
Mitchell D. Chester, the education commissioner for Massachusetts, said the new PISA data 鈥渉elped reinforce that our students are performing among some of the better-performing nations in the world, and it also made clear to me that we shouldn鈥檛 be complacent.鈥�
Among the participating education systems, the highest performer in all three subjects was Shanghai, though the methodology around treating the Chinese city as a stand-alone system has raised eyebrows.
Overall, U.S. performance in reading and science was on par, as it was three years ago, with the OECD average. And once again, U.S. scores were below the OECD average in math.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a policy question whether one should be OK with average,鈥� said Jack Buckley, the commissioner of the NCES, which issued the U.S. report on PISA. 鈥淚鈥檇 be more willing to tolerate our position if I saw that we were improving.鈥�
The United States continued to have its strongest showing in reading, though there was no measurable change from its 2009 scores. On the PISA scale of 1 to 1,000, the nation scored 498 in reading, statistically similar to the OECD average of 496 and well below Shanghai鈥檚 570.
Massachusetts scored 527 in reading, outperforming all but three education systems. Connecticut came in just behind its neighbor state. Florida鈥檚 score was not statistically different from the U.S. average.
While Americans鈥� reading scores stood still, 10 education systems have surpassed the United States in the subject since 2009, including Ireland, Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), Poland, Estonia, the Netherlands, and Germany.
The 2012 reading results seem 鈥減articularly dramatic,鈥� Mr. Buckley said, because several countries that were tied with the United States in 2009 made just enough improvement to statistically edge ahead.
In math, the United States scored 481, measurably lower than the OECD average. Poland, Vietnam, Austria, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Latvia, and Luxembourg all overtook the United States by statistically significant margins in the 2012 math standings.
TIMSS Tells Different Story
In Massachusetts, about 1 in 5 students were rated 鈥渢op performers鈥� in math, scoring at levels 5 and 6 (on a scale with six levels of performance). The same proportion scored below level 2, or the 鈥渂aseline proficiency鈥� level. By comparison, more than half of Shanghai 15-year-olds scored at the top two levels in math and just 4 percent scored at the bottom level.
鈥淥ne of the things that concerns me is the gap between our top and bottom performers,鈥� said Mr. Chester of Massachusetts. 鈥淲hile our aggregate results are very strong, there鈥檚 much room for improvement in bringing up our scores in the bottom.鈥�
For the United States overall, only 9 percent of students fell into the top-performer category for math. Mr. Schneider of the air said this is what 鈥渄isturbs鈥� him most about the results. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 have enough people in the highest level of performance.鈥�
In science, the U.S. average was statistically similar to the OECD average and not measurably different from the 2009 results. Massachusetts and Connecticut both scored higher than the United States as a whole, while Florida scored lower.
It鈥檚 notable that the math and science results differ from those on last year鈥檚 Trends in Mathematics and Science Study, or TIMSS, another international exam. On that measure, U.S. 4th and 8th graders performed better than the global average of participating nations in both subjects and 4th graders showed improvement in math.
However, experts say several factors complicate comparisons between results from the two exams, including the types of skills being assessed, the nations participating, and the ages of students tested.
Some of the most-anticipated results on PISA among policymakers are those from Finland, which became a darling of the education policy world after posting strong results on that assessment in 2003. Subsequent results on TIMSS have called Finland鈥檚 reputation into question. In math, for example, the performance of Finland鈥檚 8th graders on TIMSS was not measurably different from that of their counterparts in the United States, and trailed several U.S. states that had individually reported results.
On the 2012 PISA, Finland scored above the U.S. and OECD averages in all three subjects, but its raw scores were all down from 2009, with the biggest drop in math. Finland ranked sixth among OECD countries in math for 2012. Three years earlier, it was among the top three math performers.
In discussing the outcomes for Shanghai, the top performer on PISA, several experts offered the caveat that its results are not representative of China as a whole.
鈥淪hanghai has an economically and culturally elite population with systems in place to make sure that students who may perform poorly are not allowed into public schools,鈥� wrote Tom Loveless, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution鈥檚 Brown Center for Education Policy, in a recent blog post.
鈥淐omparing U.S. performance to that of Shanghai isn鈥檛 apples and oranges; it鈥檚 applesauce and Agent Orange,鈥� Frederick M. Hess, the director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute, wrote last week on an opinion blog published by 澳门跑狗论坛.
Twelve provinces in China took the 2012 PISA, the OECD confirmed, but only results from Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Macao were publicly released.
Mr. Loveless was especially critical of that action, and suggested in an interview that the OECD 鈥渃ut a special deal鈥� with the Chinese government, allowing for 鈥渃herry-picked鈥� results. In 2011, a Chinese website leaked the average PISA scores from 2009 for all 12 participating provinces. According to those results, China scored measurably above the United States in math and science, but significantly below the U.S. average in reading.
Mr. Buckley of the NCES said that juxtaposing results in Shanghai and Massachusetts鈥攁 top-performing U.S. state by most measures鈥攊s 鈥渁 better comparison than Shanghai to the U.S.鈥� In all three subjects tested, Massachusetts鈥� scores fell far behind those of the Chinese city.
鈥淭he Shanghai results suggest that even better things are possible for Massachusetts,鈥� said Mr. Chester, the state鈥檚 education commissioner.
The OECD report also delves into the relationship between socioeconomic factors and student performance. In the United States, the report finds, the strength of the correlation is comparable with the average for OECD nations. However, socioeconomic status is less closely correlated to performance in other countries, including Hong Kong, Korea, Estonia, and Japan. At the Washington PISA event, Secretary Duncan said that 鈥渁chievement gaps are painfully evident鈥� in the U.S. results but that 鈥渙ur diversity fails to explain why the U.S. lags behind our peers.鈥�
Making Causal Inferences
In a 550-page addendum report, 鈥淲hat Makes Schools Successful?鈥� released with the PISA results, the OECD provides analyses of the trends seen in PISA and guidance for policymakers. At the live event last week, Gurri谩 encouraged the United States to 鈥渇ind ways to allocate the most talented teachers and school leaders to the most challenging schools and classrooms.鈥� He also praised the Race to the Top initiative, a signature program of the Obama administration, and said that 鈥渢he strict implementation of the Common Core State Standards for mathematics would undoubtedly improve PISA results.鈥�
During an hourlong presentation the same day, Andreas Schleicher, the OECD鈥檚 deputy director for education and skills, said that the highest-performing countries 鈥減lace a great value on education,鈥� have 鈥渦niversal education standards,鈥� and use 鈥渁 high degree of personalization as an approach to address diversity.鈥�
Meanwhile, Randi Weingarten, the president of the American Federation of Teachers, said in a statement last week that the PISA results provide evidence that 鈥渁 decade of top-down, test-based schooling created by No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top鈥攆ocused on hyper-testing students, sanctioning teachers, and closing schools鈥攈as failed to improve the quality of American public education.鈥�
She said top-tier countries do not have 鈥渁 fixation on testing like the United States does.鈥�
However, some education experts say policymakers and the public should be wary of drawing policy conclusions based on PISA scores.
鈥淭hese kinds of studies are really good at describing where we stand and maybe looking at trends,鈥� said Mr. Buckley from the NCES. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e not good at all at telling us why. The study design is not one that supports causal inference.鈥�
鈥淭here鈥檚 a tendency to go beyond the data,鈥� said Mr. Schneider. 鈥淔or me this is a serious problem.鈥�
