When he began working the Common Core State Standards into his instruction three years ago, New York City middle school mathematics teacher Silvestre Arcos noticed that his English-language-learner students were showing less progress on unit assessments than his other students.
鈥淚t wasn鈥檛 necessarily because they didn鈥檛 have the numeracy skills,鈥� recalled Mr. Arcos, who is now a math instructional coach and the 7th grade lead teacher at KIPP Washington Heights Middle School, a charter school in New York. Rather, they were struggling with the linguistic demands of his new curriculum, which was oriented heavily toward word problems and explication of solutions.
To address the issue, Mr. Arcos began incorporating strategies that are typically the province of language arts teachers into his math lessons. Especially when working with his English-learners, he provided detailed instruction in close reading, sentence annotation, and writing fluency.
He also redoubled his efforts to ensure that his lessons had specific language objectives鈥攖o help students grasp important terminology, for example鈥攁s well as content objectives, a practice he had learned in graduate school.
To help his English-learners adapt to the aims of the new standards, said Mr. Arcos, 鈥渋t was important for us to develop their language skills.鈥�
Mr. Arcos鈥� recognition that the new math standards may require greater attention to the needs of English-language learners is not uncommon among educators who work with such students. Particularly in the that preface and inform the grade-level objectives, the common core emphasizes the importance of explaining solutions and relationships, constructing arguments, and critiquing the reasoning of others. While such expectations are proving difficult for many students, educators say, they pose unique challenges for those not fully proficient in English.
In that light, experts in math instruction for English-learners tend to view schools鈥� adoption of the common core in math with a mixture of hope and apprehension.
On the one hand, the standards are 鈥減ushing math teachers to think about the language we use 鈥� [and] support English-learners at different levels,鈥� said Anita Bright, an assistant professor in the graduate school of education at Portland State University, in Oregon, who specializes in multilingual education.
In addition, the common core鈥檚 emphasis on verbal expression and reasoning in math are widely seen as beneficial to English-learners. 鈥淭he more language you use in the math classes, the more [ELL] students are going to learn, both in math and language,鈥� said Judit N. Moschkovich, a professor of mathematics education at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
What concerns experts, however, is that many teachers might not have the curricular resources or training needed to address language development in connection with math instruction.
鈥淟anguage hasn鈥檛 traditionally played much of a role in the training of math teachers,鈥� said Mark Driscoll, a managing project director with the Education Development Center, a Waltham, Mass.-based nonprofit that provides professional development and other services to help schools support diverse-needs learners. 鈥淚n my experience, many teachers lack the guidance and tools to foster communication of mathematical reasoning [with] English-learners.鈥�
Despite the growing enrollment of non-native English speakers in U.S. schools, 鈥渕any math teachers have had limited professional development in what they might do to tailor instruction to ELLs,鈥� said Ms. Bright.
Under the common core, they will need 鈥渂etter access to supportive structures so that they are well-equipped to meet the needs of these and other marginalized students,鈥� she said.
Opportunities for Expression
If math teachers need to become more attuned to students鈥� language needs, however, they also have to be careful not to regard their struggles with English as a 鈥渟ign of deficiency,鈥� said Ms. Moschkovich.
鈥淒eficit models are really easy to fall into,鈥� particularly for inexperienced teachers, she said. 鈥淛ust because a student has an accent or uses imperfect language doesn鈥檛 mean he doesn鈥檛 or can鈥檛 understand the mathematics.鈥�
Rather than being discounted or assigned remedial computation worksheets, she said, English-learners should be given a range of opportunities to use their own words to delve into mathematical problems and concepts, including in peer-to-peer and whole-class discussions and writing activities. The teacher鈥檚 job, she said, is to 鈥渓ook for the mathematical sense鈥� in the students鈥� verbal expressions and then 鈥渂uild on that.鈥�
As Ms. Moschkovich puts it in a , 鈥淏y learning to recognize how [English-learners] express mathematical ideas as they are learning English, teachers can maintain a focus on mathematical reasoning as well as on language development.鈥�
Ms. Moschkovich said that many teachers make the mistake of thinking that language instruction merely means preteaching vocabulary words. Instead, word meanings should be explored in the context of students鈥� work on solving problems, she said.
Experts also stress the importance of using diagrams or illustrations together with linguistic prompts as a way of drawing out English-learners鈥� verbal understanding of math problems.
Such visual elements can go well beyond bar graphs and number lines.
In providing coaching to math teachers who work with English-learners, for example, Mr. Driscoll of the Education Development Center said that his organization has had success in using sequences of diagrams showing the steps that fictional characters named Mario and Estella take as they work through solutions to math problems. The idea is for teachers to prompt students to try to explain the math strategies used by the characters in each frame, with the help of simple sentence starters. (For example, 鈥淚n step one, Mario _____.鈥�) Throughout the process, Mr. Driscoll said, teachers are guided to bring in a variety of other common language-instruction strategies, such as revoicing terms and clarifying key vocabulary.
鈥淲e believe you can use visual representation as a bridge to academic vocabulary,鈥� Mr. Driscoll said. 鈥淚t can act as a mediator between the words in a problem and the symbolic solution.鈥�
Scaffolds and Support
In a similar vein, as part of a U.S. Department of Education-funded study, the Washington-based American Institutes of Research is building 鈥渟caffolds,鈥� or instructional supports, for 6th grade Spanish-speaking English-learners to supplement an iPad-based math curriculum created by Pearson Inc.
For a lesson on fuel-efficiency rates, draft screenshots from the enhanced curriculum feature numerous visual elements. They include a 鈥減icture card鈥� comparing the gas intake of a truck and a solar-powered car, a graphic organizer showing the relationship between rates of measurement and fuel efficiency, and a Venn diagram to sort out the key components of a word problem.
At the same time, a Teacher Notes panel provides specific activities teachers can use to help English-learners engage with the language of the lesson. One such exercise says: 鈥淗ave students work with partners to discuss the graphic organizer and fill in the sentence frames [provided]. Then have them use the word bank [provided] to fill in the summary frame.鈥� The lesson also includes Spanish translations of key terms.
The goal is to 鈥渕ake the content comprehensible [to ELLs] and develop language proficiency in the context of learning,鈥� said Diane August, a managing researcher at the AIR who heads the project, which is slated to be tested in four Los Angeles schools starting in January.
鈥淭he biggest challenge for teachers is that these types of scaffolds aren鈥檛 [typically] part of the curriculum,鈥� added Ms. August, a former English-as-a-second-language teacher. 鈥淚f teachers had a curriculum like this, it would be a lot less challenging.鈥�
Beyond specific instructional strategies and curriculum supports, experts say the new math standards may require stronger ties between math teachers and schools鈥� ESL specialists. 鈥淓LL supports tend to be more concentrated in language arts,鈥� said Gabriela Uro, the manager for English-language-learner policy and research for the Washington-based Council of the Great City Schools. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 where the challenge is. In the common core, the language demands are heightened [in math], so ELL supports have to go across content areas.鈥�
For Ms. Uro, that means math teachers and ESL teachers alike have to learn more about each other鈥檚 craft. 鈥淐ontent-area folks have to take on more with regard to language development. But [ESL] teachers have to delve more into math,鈥� she said. 鈥淵ou might have good techniques in language arts for reading complex texts. Now that has to happen in math.鈥�
Luciana de Oliveira, an associate professor of teaching English to speakers of other languages at Teachers College, Columbia University, said she is already seeing ESL teachers take on a greater role in math classes. 鈥淚 see more [ESL] teachers going into classrooms working along the mainstream math teacher, so it鈥檚 co-teaching versus pulling kids out of the classroom for separate language instruction,鈥� she said.
Ms. de Oliveira, who is on the board of directors of the TESOL International Association, said teacher educators like herself are increasingly aiming to prepare ESL teachers for that kind of collaborative work with their content-area counterparts. 鈥淭here鈥檚 more of a focus on both language and content鈥� in preparation programs for ESL specialists, she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a major change in the past five years鈥攃ertainly attributable to the common core.鈥�
But Ms. de Oliveira acknowledged that, in practice, the melding of schools鈥� math and ESL resources is a work in progress. 鈥淚 think we鈥檙e all still kind of establishing what is really needed,鈥� she said.
Making Language Visible
For his part, New York City math teacher Mr. Arcos said that his efforts to revamp his lessons to focus more on his English-learners鈥� language needs helped improve the students鈥� understanding as he transitioned to the common core. 鈥淎s their language development improved, so did their math scores,鈥� he said.
What鈥檚 more, Mr. Arcos noted, the scaffolding techniques he used to boost his English-learners鈥� verbal and conceptual understanding of problems also proved beneficial to other students in the class, particularly those who were below grade level in reading.
Indeed, Ms. Moschkovich of UC-Santa Cruz suggests that math teachers鈥� work with English-language learners can be an opportunity to gain a better sense of the strategies expected of them under the common core.
鈥淲hat English-learners do in a math class is make language visible鈥攖hat鈥檚 a gift, not a disadvantage,鈥� she said. 鈥淓nglish-learners are a window into language.鈥�
