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During the recently concluded presidential nominating conventions, President Barack Obama and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney offered stark choices on K-12 policy while downplaying areas of agreement between their two parties鈥攁nd the tensions within each party on education issues.

In Charlotte, N.C., last week, the Democrats put a relentless focus on Mr. Obama鈥檚 record of making education a federal funding priority. They cited the billions of dollars his administration steered into saving teachers鈥� jobs and broadening college access.

And convention speakers, including U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, highlighted the president鈥檚 role in encouraging states to adopt rigorous standards and warned that Republicans would slash education spending.

In Tampa, Fla., the week before, Republicans picked Mr. Romney as their standard-bearer. They pointed to Mr. Obama鈥檚 lack of support for private school choice and hammered teachers鈥� unions as an obstruction to the GOP vision for education reform.

But the focus on those politically charged issues, which got most of the education airtime at each party鈥檚 convention, belies the areas of agreement between many Democrats and Republicans on policies such as charter schools and performance pay for teachers.

And it ignores intraparty fissures that were evident behind the scenes in both cities on such issues as common academic standards, a topic that has split the GOP, and teacher evaluation, which has divided Democrats.

In Charlotte, for example, Democrats gave little prime-time attention to the politically prickly policies at the heart of President Obama鈥檚 agenda, including aggressive school turnarounds, teacher evaluations based in part on student test scores, and charter school expansion.

Instead, in his Sept. 6 acceptance speech, Mr. Obama declared: 鈥淣ow we have a choice鈥攚e can gut education, or we can decide that in the United States of America, no child should have her dreams deferred because of a crowded classroom or a crumbling school. No family should have to set aside a college-acceptance letter because they don鈥檛 have the money.鈥�

In Tampa, the speakers who mentioned education tended to focus primarily on school choice and what they pitched as the pernicious influence of teachers鈥� unions, while side-stepping politically dicey questions such as whether there should even be a U.S. Department of Education鈥攁n agency long opposed by many in the party.

School choice was the only K-12 issue that made its way into Mr. Romney鈥檚 Aug. 30 acceptance speech.

鈥淲hen it comes to the school your child should attend, every parent should have a choice, and every child should have a chance,鈥� said Mr. Romney, whose positions include a voucher-like proposal involving federal special education aid and money for disadvantaged students.

Political Danger Zones

The focus by Democrats in Charlotte on school funding and college access鈥攔ather than on such contentious Obama administration policies as using student test scores as a factor in teacher evaluations鈥攃ame as no surprise to Michelle A. Rhee, the former chancellor of the District of Columbia schools. She attended both conventions as the founder and chief executive officer of StudentsFirst, a Sacramento, Calif.-based advocacy organization.

For Democrats, 鈥渢he safer things during campaign season to talk about are Pell Grants, early childhood, that sort of stuff,鈥� she said in an interview last week.

But Ms. Rhee, who is considered one of the pre-eminent voices in the self-styled education 鈥渞eformer鈥� wing of the Democratic Party, wasn鈥檛 disheartened by the dearth of talk about charters and teacher quality.

Mr. Obama 鈥渉as raised those issues on the national stage鈥� in the past, including in State of the Union addresses, she said."I don鈥檛 think anybody is confused on where the president and the [education] secretary stand,鈥� Ms. Rhee said.

President Obama steered some $100 billion to education through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the economic-stimulus package passed in 2009. That legislation also created the administration鈥檚 signature K-12 initiative, the Race to the Top grant competition, which rewarded states for embracing certain education redesign principles, such as expanding charters, turning around low-performing schools, and raising standards. It gave states credit for adopting new educator-evaluation systems that take student achievement into account.

Mr. Romney, for his part, proposes allowing parents to take federal Title I money for disadvantaged children and aid for students in special education that now flows to districts to any school they choose, including a private school. And the former governor and business executive has sought to use transparency for student results as the main lever in school improvement鈥攔ather than requiring schools to set achievement goals, as the Obama administration has done.

But Mr. Romney has stopped short of calling for dismantling the federal Education Department, and he hasn鈥檛 spoken out against the Common Core State Standards, which are a thorn in the side of many conservatives.

鈥楤eing a Leader鈥�

Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, Mr. Romney鈥檚 most visible surrogate on education鈥攈e made education the theme of his speech to the Tampa delegates鈥攂rushed off the notion that the Republican nominee, if elected, will be hampered on K-12 issues by the more conservative wing of the party.

鈥淚 think he can just be president. That鈥檚 part of being a leader,鈥� Mr. Bush said in an interview. 鈥淵ou鈥檙e never going to satisfy every person on every issue; you can earn people鈥檚 respect and support.鈥�

Mr. Bush, who has praised Mr. Obama鈥檚 pick for education secretary, cited Mr. Romney鈥檚 support for school choice as the key difference between the two candidates when it comes to K-12. He said during a panel discussion on education in Tampa that there aren鈥檛 as many distinctions between the two candidates on school policy as there are on most other issues.

鈥淲e鈥檙e in this climate of negativity, and there may be more agreement here than people want to admit,鈥� he said.

Mr. Bush even had kind words for the Race to the Top, which was only a bit player in Charlotte and isn鈥檛 mentioned in the Democrats鈥� official platform. The former Florida governor didn鈥檛 mention the program by name, but praised the Obama administration鈥檚 鈥渋ncentives for nonreform-minded states.鈥�

Highlighting Differences

But Jon Schnur, an education adviser to the Obama campaign, threw cold water on the idea that Mr. Romney and Mr. Obama would govern similarly on K-12 issues.

鈥淭hey represent dramatically different visions and priorities,鈥� Mr. Schnur said in an email. 鈥淲hen you look at Romney鈥檚 education and budget proposals, they just represent a dramatically smaller focus on education鈥攚ith reduced access to college, reduced funding for our schools, and reduced accountability and reform to improve our schools.鈥�

In fact, much of the education rhetoric on the Democratic convention floor was devoted to warnings of cuts to education programs if voters elect Mr. Romney and his running mate, U.S. Rep. Paul Ryan of Wisconsin and the author of an austere budget blueprint.

The cuts in the Ryan budget, which have been highlighted in a number of Obama campaign commercials airing in swing states, were a big focus of Secretary Duncan鈥檚 convention speech.

鈥淚n order to cut taxes for millionaires and billionaires, Governor Romney will cut education for our children,鈥� Mr. Duncan told the crowd. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 the difference in this election. They see education as an expense. President Obama sees it as an investment.鈥�

But Republicans note that the Ryan budget proposal, which has been passed by the U.S. House of Representatives, isn鈥檛 specific on spending levels for individual K-12 programs. Instead, it calls for a 20 percent reduction in domestic discretionary spending, the broad category that includes education. That cut would likely put major pressure on federal spending for schools.

Still, the Romney team has sought to distance the GOP nominee from the proposal.

鈥淭he Ryan plan is not Romney鈥檚 plan,鈥� Phil Handy, one of Mr. Romney鈥檚 education co-chairs, said in an interview. 鈥淲e certainly didn鈥檛 specify anything like that in our plan.鈥�

Mr. Ryan鈥檚 own speech to his party鈥檚 convention called for a major slimming-down of government spending. But the House Budget Committee chairman was silent on just how his plan would affect education.

And while he chastised the Obama administration for its economic policies, he didn鈥檛 single out the president鈥檚 record of steering significant aid to K-12 education.

Secretary Duncan, like other speakers in Charlotte, including former President Bill Clinton, also drew attention to President Obama鈥檚 record on higher education access, a clear nod to the pivotal role that college students and their parents could play in the Nov. 6 election. During his term, Mr. Obama has revamped the student-lending program so that all loans originate through the U.S. Treasury, instead of through subsidized private lenders. And the administration greatly expanded the Pell Grant program, which helps low-income students attend college.

By contrast, Rep. Ryan鈥檚 budget blueprint says that federal expansion of student aid may actually have an adverse impact on college costs, since it does nothing to encourage universities to keep tuition low. His budget seeks to curb the Pell Grant program and refocus the grants on the neediest students.

Rallying Their Bases

Both presidential nominees have had difficulty leveraging their positions on K-12 to rally their respective party bases.

Many teachers鈥� union members in Charlotte, for example, voiced disappointment in Mr. Obama鈥檚 support for tying teacher evaluations partly to student test scores. But they still were planning to provide him with get-out-the-vote muscle, partly because they think they鈥檇 be much worse off under a Romney administration.

鈥淚t鈥檚 a mixed bag,鈥� Linda Myers, who recently retired from her work with the Michigan Education Association, an affiliate of the National Education Association, said of the Obama education record. 鈥淏ut he鈥檚 willing to listen [to unions]. With our options, he鈥檚 the best guy for the job.鈥�

The party faithful in Tampa were also able to rally to Mr. Romney鈥檚 defense, even if they wished he鈥檇 take a bolder stance on K-12 issues.

South Carolina state Sen. Mike Fair would have liked to see Mr. Romney鈥檚 campaign propose the elimination of the federal department, and he would have liked the candidate to come out against the common-core standards. But, on balance, he thinks the Republican would be much better for the nation than Mr. Obama.

鈥淎m I disappointed that [Mr. Romney] didn鈥檛 come out blasting against common core? No. We need jobs,鈥� said Mr. Fair, an alternate delegate.