With urban school districts wrestling with how to raise student achievement, education leaders are showing growing interest in the notion of creating what some are calling a diverse 鈥減ortfolio鈥� of publicly financed schools.
New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Baltimore are among the districts pursuing strategies, largely focused on high schools, to open new schools, bring in outside providers to run some of them, and offer a broader array of choices to families.
Philanthropies like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation of New York are making grants to underwrite such efforts, with an increased emphasis on ensuring that the new options are viewed as part of a districtwide strategy to improve student outcomes. The portfolio idea envisions holding schools accountable and removing those from the mix that are chronically failing over time.
鈥淚n some ways, we are on the edge of this explosion of diverse options,鈥� Constancia Warren, a senior program officer at the Carnegie Corporation, said at a March 21 forum in New York City co-sponsored by her organization and 澳门跑狗论坛. The gathering explored the role of districts in high school reform.
Frederick M. Hess, the director of education policy at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank in Washington, said in an interview that the portfolio approach is 鈥渆ssentially an idea that鈥檚 been around for probably 15 years, but it鈥檚 finally getting traction.鈥�
But even those who embrace the concept differ on exactly what a portfolio model should look like. The Gates Foundation, for instance, touts the potential of marrying the new choices to aligned instructional strategies across a district, while some believe that the schools need curricular autonomy to drive innovation.
And Mr. Hess says that political realities can hamper a portfolio model. In his view, teacher-licensing rules, budgetary and staffing requirements, and other constraints keep schools tied to traditional practices.
鈥淚t鈥檚 easy to imagine that we wind up building portfolio systems which have a lot of the same features of traditional systems,鈥� he said.
鈥楽ome Schools Will Fail鈥�
Most school systems have long offered some choices beyond the traditional neighborhood school, such as magnets and other alternative schools. Even the movement to create publicly financed but largely independent charter schools, which now number more than 3,600 nationally, is now about 15 years old.
But some districts are getting more deliberate about expanding their school options. And the idea of getting outside organizations to run schools is gaining ground. Also, while some districts view charters with hostility, others see them as part of their own school improvement strategy.
A leading advocate of the portfolio approach is Paul T. Hill, the director of the Center on Reinventing Public Education at the University of Washington, in Seattle. His version of the approach entails districts overseeing a wide variety of autonomous, publicly funded schools, some run by the district and others by independent organizations.
鈥淟ike investors with diversified portfolios of stocks and bonds, school boards would closely manage their community鈥檚 portfolio of educational service offerings, divesting less productive schools and adding more promising ones,鈥� he explains in a paper published last month by the Washington-based Progressive Policy Institute, a think tank affiliated with the Democratic Leadership Council.
Under such a system, schools would be accountable both to school boards, through performance agreements, and to families through choice. At a forum last month hosted by the PPI, Mr. Hill said, 鈥淲e need a system that is really open to new ideas, 鈥� that refuses to protect institutions or approaches that don鈥檛 work.鈥�
In his paper, Mr. Hill calls Chicago the 鈥渕ost notable example鈥� of a district exploring the portfolio approach, even though he says there are limits on the district鈥檚 strategy.
Chicago is assembling an array of new options for families, said Barbara Eason-Watkins, the chief education officer for the 424,000-student district, speaking at the Carnegie-澳门跑狗论坛 forum. She cited as examples the city鈥檚 charter schools, which the district approves, Gates-funded small schools, and so-called 鈥減erformance schools,鈥� which have some autonomy from the district in exchange for committing to a five-year agreement with the district to meet specific achievement goals.
In 2004, the district announced its Renaissance 2010 Initiative, which aims to close low-performing schools and create 100 small schools by 2010, most to be run by outside groups.
鈥淲e feel that it is our responsibility to try to establish these high-quality options,鈥� Ms. Eason-Watkins said.
The Philadelphia Version
The 205,000-student Philadelphia school system is pursuing what Chief Executive Officer Paul G. Vallas calls a 鈥渄iverse management model.鈥� It includes traditional public schools, charter schools, privately managed schools, and some run by universities and other nonprofit organizations.
鈥淲e use [the model] to expand choice,鈥� Mr. Vallas said, 鈥渢o expand our management resources.鈥�
The city attracted attention in 2001, the year before Mr. Vallas came, for inviting outside providers, including the for-profit Edison Schools Inc., to operate a set of low-performing schools as part of a state takeover.
Then, two years ago, the district launched plans to start 30 small high schools, with about half run by the district and the reins of others handed to outside groups, Mr. Vallas said. So far, 22 schools have opened.
He said he considers the city鈥檚 55 charter schools, which the district authorizes, part of the system鈥檚 strategy. Five more are set to open in the fall.
鈥淲hen we look at those [charter] proposals,鈥� he said, 鈥渨e will weigh them not only on quality, but on whether they fit with the school district鈥檚 overall design.鈥�
Baltimore also has been working to offer a wider range of school options, said Bonnie S. Copeland, the chief executive officer of the 85,000-student system. But she said the diverse school types can create challenges.
鈥淭his combination of kinds of schools and governance structures is enlightening and enhancing,鈥� she said at last week鈥檚 forum, 鈥渂ut it is a lot to manage in terms of governance, in terms of contracts. 鈥� We just need to be mindful of that in terms of return on investments.鈥�
Another challenge is to avoid race and class divides. 鈥淚t鈥檚 really easy to do a portfolio that鈥檚 about stratification,鈥� Michele Cahill, a senior adviser to New York City Schools Chancellor Joel I. Klein, said at the forum. 鈥淚t鈥檚 really difficult to do one that鈥檚 about dramatically increasing graduation rates.鈥�
鈥楥entralizing鈥� Instruction
The Carnegie Corporation has directed its efforts to seven cities: Boston; Chattanooga, Tenn.; Providence, R.I.; Sacramento, Calif.; San Diego; Worcester, Mass.; and Houston. The initiative has provided more than $60 million to those cities, with $20 million coming from the Gates Foundation.
鈥淚n these seven communities, what is emerging is a deliberate mix of different kinds of high schools that we call 鈥榩ortfolios of schools,鈥� 鈥� Ms. Warren wrote in a June 2005 Commentary essay in 澳门跑狗论坛. She said the model is not simply about creating diverse schools, but is 鈥渁 strategy for creating an entire system of excellent high schools that uses universal choice as a central lever for change.鈥�
Two key elements, she said, are a clear schoolwide focus and high academic expectations. Ms. Warren also said 鈥渃areful accountability鈥� and some degree of managed choice are critical.
Since 2000, the Gates Foundation has committed some $1 billion to support the start-up of small high schools or the restructuring of large schools into smaller units. It鈥檚 helping to underwrite the Chicago Renaissance 2010 effort, as well as initiatives in New York, Oakland, and many other districts.
The philanthropy, disappointed by some of its early efforts, has broadened its emphasis to related district-level changes, especially improving the quality of curriculum and instruction.
In a policy paper released last June, the foundation said its conception of a portfolio approach 鈥渂uilds on the benefits of an aligned instructional system while taking advantage of the benefits of school choice, particularly at the secondary level.鈥�
鈥楢 Tough Issue鈥�
Kati Haycock, the director of the Education Trust, a Washington group that promotes academic achievement for disadvantaged students, said consistency in curriculum and instruction is critical in city school systems.
鈥淭he risk here is that we throw out what we鈥檝e learned,鈥� she said. 鈥淭he urban systems that are really moving have essentially centralized that function 鈥� in literacy and math.鈥�
But Mr. Hill of the University of Washington said he worries about dictating too much from the top. 鈥淭his is a very tough issue,鈥� he said in an e-mail last week. Mandating a reading or math curriculum may have some merit in certain cases, he said, but such centralized approaches have limits.
鈥淭hey can be reasonable expedients for a while, but they don鈥檛 accomplish what the portfolio approach seeks, which is continuous experimentation and improvement, abandonment of less productive approaches in favor of more productive ones,鈥� he said.
Striking the right balance between handing diverse school operators room to innovate while ensuring instructional quality, especially for poor and minority students, is a big challenge for the portfolio model, argues Craig T. Jerald, a Washington-based education consultant.
鈥淭hese two ideas do seem to be in tension,鈥� he said, 鈥渂ut you know, if districts can figure out how to put them together, we might have the best possible system of all.鈥�
