Includes updates and/or revisions.
Despite bleak fiscal conditions that could thwart some of their priorities, governors and state lawmakers鈥攂olstered in some cases by new Republican majorities鈥攁re expected to press forward this year with ambitious education proposals that could include changing teacher job protections and expanding school choice.
Newly elected and returning officeholders go to work this month as states struggle to climb out of the most severe economic downturn since the Great Depression, with many warning that K-12 education鈥攈istorically insulated from the budget ax鈥攊s likely to face severe cuts.
While state tax revenues have improved somewhat recently, 15 states already have reported new budget shortfalls since the fiscal 2011 year began last summer, according to the . And states are likely face continuing budget gaps over the next two years as well, according to the Denver-based research and policy organization.
California Gov. , a newly inaugurated Democrat, already has warned school officials to expect deep reductions as his state tries to close a $28 billion, two-year deficit, out of a total yearly state budget of about $92.5 billion.
鈥淭his is really a huge challenge, unprecedented in my lifetime,鈥� Mr. Brown said at a forum last month on education funding at the University of California, Los Angeles. The governor, 72, is returning to the office he last held in 1983. 鈥淵ou鈥檙e looking at a lot of things that a lot of people care very deeply about, and very much depend on,鈥� he added, 鈥渁nd those are the things that are going to be cut back, because we have no other choice.鈥�
California is hardly alone. So far in fiscal 2011, 13 states have made midyear budget cuts to K-12 schools, according to a by the National Governors Association and the National Association of State Budget Officers.
At the same time, legislative sessions are convening during a period of rapid change in education policy at the state level, pushed along by forces that defy easy political categorization.
Last year, legislatures in several states, including Colorado and Louisiana, approved potentially sweeping changes to teacher evaluation and other school policy areas with at least some degree of bipartisan support. And this year, Republicans and Democrats in several states have spoken in favor of making other potentially broad changes to teacher evaluation and tenure.
鈥淲e see people who really want to shake up the system,鈥� said Julie Bell, the NCSL鈥檚 education program director, describing the mood in statehouses. 鈥淭here鈥檚 an impatience with the way things are.鈥�
The attitude among lawmakers in both major parties seems to be 鈥渨e need better results,鈥� she said. 鈥淟et鈥檚 experiment.鈥�
Election Aftershocks
The new sessions will play out in the wake of elections characterized by powerful anti-incumbent sentiment, which brought major turnover to governors鈥� offices and state legislatures鈥攁nd historic gains for the Republican Party.
Before the fall elections, Democrats controlled a majority of governorships, 27, while the GOP was in charge of 23. On Nov. 2, voters upended that partisan split by electing Republican candidates to 29 governorships, leaving Democrats with 20, and choosing one Independent, former Republican Lincoln D. Chafee, in Rhode Island.
State legislative control also to the Republicans. Heading into the elections, Democrats held majorities in 60 state legislative chambers and Republicans controlled 36, with two chambers evenly split. Now, the GOP controls 57 chambers, leaving just 39 to Democrats, with two split lawmaking bodies and a nonpartisan, unicameral legislature in Nebraska. Republicans now control both chambers in 25 states, 11 more than they had before the 2010 election, according to the NCSL, and they hold more state legislative seats nationwide than at any time since the late 1920s.
In some states, the emergence of new or stronger Republican majorities could embolden leaders to push for far-reaching policies in areas such as school choice and teacher evaluation.
In Florida, incoming Gov. Rick Scott, a Republican, takes office with the GOP having built upon its majorities in both legislative chambers in November鈥檚 elections. Florida has long been a laboratory for voucher programs, and Mr. Scott鈥檚 transition team a major expansion of public funding for private school choice, through an approach described as 鈥渆ducation savings accounts.鈥� Those accounts would provide taxpayer funding of up to 85 percent of traditional per-student aid to families to pay for private school tuition, as well as for private tutoring and virtual education services, among other options.
Mr. Scott has also voiced support for reviving a version of a bill passed last year that would have phased out teacher tenure for new hires and implemented merit pay, which was vetoed by his predecessor, Republican Gov. Charlie Crist. That measure, Senate Bill 6, drew opposition from the state鈥檚 largest teachers鈥� union, the Florida Education Association, as well as school district officials and others who argued that it was rushed through the legislature with little input from the public.
The state鈥檚 speaker of the House, Republican Dean Cannon, would like to see a bill that addresses many of the goals of SB 6 but is also vetted by legislative committees, said his spokeswoman, Katie Betta. The speaker鈥檚 goal is to 鈥渕ove forward on how we want to reward our best teachers,鈥� Ms. Betta said last month.
The FEA, which has 140,000 members, is wary of lawmakers鈥� claims that they will take a more inclusive approach to drafting another version of the bill. The FEA is an affiliate of both the National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers.
鈥淩ight now, everyone is playing nice,鈥� said FEA spokesman Mark Pudlow. 鈥淓verybody鈥檚 saying they want to gather input. ...We expect to see the 鈥楽on of Senate Bill 6,鈥� or 鈥楽enate Bill 6.1,鈥� but we don鈥檛 know what form it will take.鈥�
鈥楩lexibility and Authority鈥�
In Indiana, where the GOP previously controlled one chamber but now controls both, Republican Gov. said publicly that he would like lawmakers to approve a private-school-voucher system. Along with the state鈥檚 elected Republican superintendent of public instruction, Tony Bennett, the governor also has backed that includes performance pay for teachers and principals, charter school expansion, and allowing students who graduate early from high school to receive a college scholarship equal to the amount the state would have spent on them during their senior year.
鈥淲e have to have the courage to provide flexibility and authority to local officials to operate in a highly accountable system,鈥� Mr. Bennett, who also supports vouchers, said in an interview. 鈥淲e have to approach this in a comprehensive nature. I鈥檝e never been one to say it鈥檚 about school choice first, or it鈥檚 about teacher quality first.鈥�
In other states, elected officials from both parties have shown an interest in tackling thorny issues.
In New Jersey, where Democrats control both chambers of the legislature, state Sen. M. Teresa Ruiz, a Democrat, held a hearing last month on making changes to the state鈥檚 system for granting tenure for teachers, a major focus of many elected officials and school reform advocates across the country recently. Republican Gov. Chris Christie, who has feuded with the New Jersey Education Association, has also called for changing tenure provisions, saying the current system protects ineffective teachers and fails to reward talented ones.
鈥淚f we all come together and coalesce, ... we can make dramatic, positive change,鈥� Ms. Ruiz said at the hearing. While she spoke of 鈥渟upporting and respecting teachers across the board,鈥� she added: 鈥淪omething must change. Our students can鈥檛 wait any longer.鈥�
The NJEA has said the state should consider some changes to tenure rules, which would make the dismissal of ineffective teachers less costly and less time consuming. But it also has said the process must ensure that teachers are not pushed out unfairly, or without just cause.
In Illinois, lawmakers are also considering potentially big changes that would make it easier to fire ineffective teachers, fill new positions based on performance rather than seniority, and make it more difficult for teachers to strike. A pair of special, bipartisan committees that were created by Speaker of the House Michael Madigan and Senate President John J. Cullerton, both Democrats, are studying those issues.
Last year, Illinois lawmakers approved a measure that ties teacher and principal evaluation more closely to student performance, a move that some lawmakers believed would help the state鈥檚 chances for winning some of the $4 billion in state grants under the federal Race to the Top competition. Illinois was not named a winner, but it was one of at least 34 states to approve new education laws or policies as a result of the Race to the Top, according to the Obama administration, which initiated the competition.
Following up on that legislative effort by giving school districts more authority to hire and fire teachers based on performance is 鈥渢he next logical step,鈥� said state Rep. Roger L. Eddy, a Republican, who co-chairs one of the special committees.
Balancing Interests
Mr. Eddy, who is also the superintendent of Hutsonville Community Unit School District 1 in eastern Illinois, said he wants the legislature to approve legislation that is fair to teachers, and he predicted that any proposals that emerge from his committee鈥檚 work will go through several iterations, when it comes to provisions dealing with strikes and other issues. While Mr. Eddy said there have been relatively few teacher strikes in Illinois, he also believes the threat of a walkout gives unions undue leeway in contract negotiations.
鈥淲e have to look at how we can improve the balance,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 believe we have balance now.鈥�
The Illinois Education Association has about such a proposal, telling its members in a statement on its website that they should 鈥渋nsist that the voices of Illinois teachers be heard in this process,鈥� and fight plans that would 鈥渄iminish the collective bargaining rights of education employees.鈥�
Many new elected officials have pledged to reduce the costs of state pension plans, including those that cover teachers. A estimated that states face $1 trillion in unfunded pension and retiree health care liabilities, and a recent study by researchers at the University of Rochester and Northwestern University, which used a different methodology, puts states鈥� unfunded pension tabs at $3 trillion.
During last year鈥檚 legislative sessions, 18 states either cut pension benefits or increased employee contributions in an effort to reduce liabilities, and in 2009, 11 made similar changes.
One such state was New Jersey, where lawmakers approved a proposal, signed by Mr. Christie, that increased required contributions and cut some benefits, including those of teachers, and was designed to reduce the state鈥檚 pension and health-care costs. The governor has called for lawmakers to take further steps this session to reduce state retirement expenses. New Jersey鈥檚 unfunded pension liability for its teachers鈥� retirement system stands at $24.5 billion; it is $54 billion for all state and local workers, combined, according to recent estimates.
New Jersey Senate President Stephen M. Sweeney, however, has said Mr. Christie should commit to having the state pay more than $500 million to help cover the state鈥檚 current retirement obligations, before the state makes more cuts.
Sen. Sweeney 鈥渋s committed to working on further pension reforms, as that is what is needed to ensure workers who have been promised a pension get one,鈥� said his spokesman, Derek Roseman, in a statement. But first, he added, the governor needs to 鈥渃ommit to paying the state鈥檚 long-overdue pension bill.鈥�
