From the tranquility of U.S. soil, a generation of American students over the past month absorbed broadcast images of American soldiers churning through the Iraqi countryside in tan armored vehicles and seizing airstrips in nighttime raids.
As that conflict moves into postwar duty in Iraqi cities, the military is aiming to bolster its ranks in the years ahead with the help of a federal provision giving recruiters more power to make their pitch directly to high school students. Not all schools and districts, however, are giving the armed forces the same sort of access.
Tucked into the massive 鈥淣o Child Left Behind鈥� Act of 2001 was language requiring any 鈥渓ocal education agency鈥� receiving money under the law to provide recruiters with access to students鈥� names, addresses, and telephone numbers鈥攖he same information schools typically give to colleges. Schools and districts that refuse to comply risk losing federal aid.
To date, the vast majority are following the law, federal officials say. But a handful of schools and districts, citing worries about student privacy and overaggressive recruiters, have drawn up their own regulations that appear to undercut the military鈥檚 vision of easier access. And the divide over recruiters鈥� rights underscores the split on some campuses鈥� reflected in protests and demonstrations鈥攐ver the U.S.-led war with Iraq, according to some students, parents, and school officials.
Law鈥檚 Language
The language in the No Child Left Behind law, a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, allows students or their parents to withhold personal information from the military. The law says schools 鈥渟hall notify parents of the option鈥� to make such a request, which the U.S. Department of Defense has referred to as an 鈥渙pt out.鈥�
But school districts in San Francisco and Santa Cruz, Calif., have spun that policy in a different direction鈥攂y requiring that parents and students 鈥渙pt in鈥� if they want the personal information released to Uncle Sam鈥檚 emissaries. Otherwise, the military won鈥檛 get those listings.
San Francisco school board member Jill Wynns said her district鈥檚 policy, approved in January, was the board鈥檚 response to a mandate that had drawn the scorn of many parents and students there.
鈥淭he Congress has required us to do something that the community does not support,鈥� Ms. Wynns said. 鈥淚 haven鈥檛 heard from a single person who has said, 鈥楬ow dare you not give the military unfettered access to our [child鈥檚] private information?鈥� 鈥�
Previously, San Francisco鈥檚 60,000- student district had a long-standing policy barring all on-campus military recruitment from its schools. The policy cited the armed forces鈥� practice of 鈥渂latantly advocat[ing] and discriminat[ing]鈥� against gay and lesbian enlistees, among other factors.
By the beginning of next school year, the district hopes to have a card on file for every student, indicating who may have access to the student鈥檚 personal information, Ms. Wynns said.
The district approved the new opt-in policy in a two-page resolution that also said each high school would offer students information about organizations such as those for conscientious objectors and people devoted to reducing the military鈥檚 influence in schools. The resolution began with a passage from a song by the singer Curtis Mayfield: 鈥淲e got to have peace/ To keep the world alive and war to cease,鈥� which continues, 鈥淪ave the children ... Peace, Peace, Peace!鈥�
Handful of Holdouts
The San Francisco Unified School District鈥檚 interpretation of the federal law does not pass muster with U.S. Rep. David Vitter, R-La., who was the author of the recruiters鈥� provision in the No Child Left Behind Act. The lawmaker said in an interview that he drafted the language after growing frustrated that some high schools were barring armed-forces representatives from recruiting on their grounds, amid what he deemed an atmosphere of 鈥渁nti-military bias and political correctness.鈥�
Rep. Vitter said policies like San Francisco鈥檚 violate the law, and risk putting those districts鈥� federal funding in jeopardy. The recruiters鈥� provision was carefully drafted, he said, to give schools and districts the right to protect student privacy.
鈥淲e bent over backwards to create an opt-out process,鈥� Rep. Vitter said.
The U.S. Department of Education is studying whether the opt-in policies violate the law, but hasn鈥檛 taken a position yet, agency spokesman Jim Bradshaw said. He noted that the department has provided written guidance to schools on how they could devise opt-out forms.
If a school does not comply with the law, Department of Defense officials have outlined a policy in which they will send notification to the governor of the state asking for help in securing access for the military. If the school鈥檚 refusal continues for a year, the Pentagon will request support from members of Congress representing the school, defense officials said in a statement.
Military estimates show that a strong majority of the nation鈥檚 high schools are granting recruiters access to student records already. Prior to the No Child Left Behind law鈥檚 passage, only 12 percent, or 2,500, of the nation鈥檚 21,500 or so high schools were denying the military access to student-directory information, Defense Department officials said in a document explaining their recruitment goals to the media.
By the time the law took effect on July 1 of last year, only 859 high schools were not turning over that data.
Today, the Defense Department is aware of only six high schools that are not providing access to military recruiters, said Maj. Sandy Troeber, a spokeswoman for the agency. She would not identify the schools.
The U.S. government abandoned the military draft in 1973, in an era when opposition to the Vietnam War had made the Selective Service system particularly unpopular. Since then, the armed forces have relied on an all-volunteer force. Each year, the military sets a goal of having 210,000 people join the active-duty military, and another 150,000 join the Reserves or National Guard, according to defense officials. But in recent years, the armed forces have faced new hurdles in meeting their enlistment goals, officials say.
More high school graduates today are heading to college, they say, and as unemployment rates remain relatively low, recruiting has become more difficult. As the size of the military has decreased over time, Defense Department officials say, fewer teachers, counselors, coaches, and parents are likely to have had direct exposure to the military. As a result, the officials say, such adults have fewer reasons to tout the military鈥檚 benefits to students.
The cost per recruit, meanwhile, has risen from $6,500 to $11,600 over the past 10 years, according to Pentagon estimates. Having greater access to students would reduce those costs, military officials contend.
The new policy on student data has helped Marine Corps Staff Sgt. Jonathan M. Hooper, who estimates he has been making about 50 more phone calls a month to recruits in the region around Portsmouth, Va., and Chesapeake, Va., since the recruitment provision in No Child Left Behind took effect.
A Few Good Phone Calls
Sgt. Hooper says administrators and staff members already were cooperative at the two high schools and one community college where he recruits. But the law on releasing student data made his access to students鈥� home phone numbers much faster and more hassle- free.
He supplements those calls with twice-monthly visits to the two high schools, where he typically sets up a table topped with brochures in the cafeteria. There鈥檚 written information on educational opportunities, and life in the Marine Corps Reserves. There鈥檚 a pamphlet on information for female recruits. The sergeant answers students鈥� questions, mostly, and he says his goal isn鈥檛 to pressure anybody.
鈥淲hen they walk away, I don鈥檛 hound them,鈥� Sgt. Hooper said. "[School staff members] want me to tell [students] about the Marine Corps, without being a distraction.鈥�
One recruit who was swayed by the Corps鈥� message was Michael J. Barker, 18, a student at Woodrow Wilson High School in Portsmouth. His mother served 20 years in the Navy, with stints at installations as far away as Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and as close as Richmond, Va. The senior, who met Sgt. Hooper at the school and is scheduled to graduate in 2004, said he doesn鈥檛 see why turning over home addresses and phone numbers to the military should offend anybody.
鈥淓verybody has those records, and I think the United States should have those records,鈥� said Mr. Barker, who called the armed forces 鈥渢he backbone of our country.鈥�
Virginia Derr, a spokesman for the Portsmouth public school district, which includes Wilson High, said the system sends a 鈥渂lanket鈥� notice home with high school students at the beginning of the year, asking them if they want any information in the student directory withheld from all entities. That form does not mention the military specifically, and parents are asked to return the form to the 16,000- student district within 15 days.
In general, Ms. Derr said, district officials believe it is proper to give the military access to student data.
鈥淲e want to give as much information as possible to all students, because not everybody goes to college,鈥� she said.
But in school districts like Santa Cruz, the worry is that student-recruits might not be giving the college option enough attention.
Josh Sonnenfeld, a senior at Santa Cruz High School who helped lead a student effort to get the California district鈥檚 opt-in policy put in place, said the picture offered by many recruiters was 鈥渘ot the whole truth.鈥� The school board in the 7,700-student district approved the policy on March 26.
Community Support
Too many students consider the military because they wrongly assume college is not a good option for them, said Mr. Sonnenfeld, 17, who plans to attend a four-year institution. And like other critics of the federal mandate on recruiters鈥� access, he questions why the measure was ever inserted into an education reform law.
Mr. Sonnenfeld, however, dismisses the notion that people opposed to the military-recruitment policy have simply been using the issue as a stalking horse for their opposition to the conflict in Iraq.
鈥淲e have people who are against the war, we have people who are for the war who are supporting this [opt-in policy],鈥� the student said. He added: 鈥淲e don鈥檛 feel slipping the notice into a student handbook is appropriate at all. That goes against our moral principles.鈥�
While many of the details of the Santa Cruz district鈥檚 opt-in policy have not been made final, school board President Tim Willis said schools would probably have forms sent to students at the beginning of the year, asking them to check a box if they wanted their contact information released to the military.
Santa Cruz, which has three comprehensive high schools with a total of about 4,000 students, receives about $500,000 annually in federal Title I funding, Mr. Willis said. Like other districts around the country, Santa Cruz has seen its budget squeezed by the poor economy, and the potential of losing federal funding is a concern, he acknowledged. Mr. Willis wasn鈥檛 sure how the district would respond if that money were withheld.
But response from the community, he said, has been running 4-to-1 in favor of the stand taken by the board. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not anti- military. It鈥檚 not a statement on the war in Iraq,鈥� Mr. Willis said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 mostly about protecting the privacy of students.鈥�
