A federal judge approved a settlement between Arkansas and three Little Rock-area school districts that sets an end date for decades of state desegregation aid that has totaled roughly $1 billion.
Some praised the agreement as the end of a long chapter in the history of a city whose struggles with school segregation date back to the tumultuous 1957 integration of Central High School by nine black students. That event, following on the heels of the U.S. Supreme Court鈥檚 landmark 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, was seen as pivotal in the national movement to desegregate schools.
鈥淟et鈥檚 put this case in the books and move on with being partners in education rather than adversaries in court,鈥� Arkansas Attorney General Dustin B. McDaniel said after U.S. District Judge D. Price Marshall Jr., the latest judge to oversee the case, approved the agreement in a Jan. 13 bench ruling.
Others lamented persistent achievement gaps between black students and their higher-achieving white peers in the Little Rock area and said progress toward integration could erode without continued financial support and court oversight.
鈥淭he situation is pretty much the same as it was many years ago when we began,鈥� John W. Walker, an attorney who represents an intervening group of black students in the case, told reporters after the hearing.
The agreement replaces a 1989 settlement under which the state collectively paid the Little Rock, North Little Rock, and Pulaski County Special districts about $70 million annually to support programs designed to rebalance the racial composition among the three school systems, including interdistrict magnet schools and transportation for students from areas where they are the majority racial group to schools where they are in the minority.
That settlement followed a 1982 lawsuit by the Little Rock school district, which alleged that the state fostered policies that led to concentrations of black student enrollment in the city鈥檚 public schools.
Under the newly approved agreement, the state will continue providing the desegregation aid for four years, with the fourth year鈥檚 funding earmarked for facilities projects in the school systems.
The Pulaski County Special School District鈥攖he only one of the three that hasn鈥檛 been deemed fully unitary, or in compliance with its court-approved desegregation plan鈥攚ill work with the black student intervenor group to meet its remaining desegregation goals, which include improving the poor conditions of facilities in parts of the district that enroll more black students and evening out disparate discipline rates, Superintendent Jerry D. Guess said.
鈥楽erved Its Purpose鈥�
Mr. Guess, a longtime Arkansas educator, previously led the state鈥檚 Camden district as it achieved unitary status.
鈥淚 believe that this case has served a very important role in Arkansas education,鈥� Mr. Guess said of the Little Rock case. 鈥淚t has kept the issue of racial equity before leaders, not only in Pulaski County, but across the state. As Judge Marshall said, it has served its purpose, and it鈥檚 time to move on.鈥�
The districts will adjust to the funding loss as they also ease out of the programs created by the 1989 plan, said Mr. Guess.
The new agreement allows for the city of Jacksonville, which is a part of the county system, to form its own district. The town鈥檚 leaders have long argued that independence will allow the community to raise property taxes to improve its schools and facilities.
Under the agreement, the Little Rock-area districts will also phase out majority-to-minority transportation plans, and the magnet schools will stop accepting new applicants from Pulaski County and North Little Rock. Little Rock leaders have said they will maintain the magnet schools as special-program schools.
Gary Orfield, the co-director of the Civil Rights Project at the University of California, Los Angeles, said the new agreement didn鈥檛 signal that the central Arkansas schools are now desegregated.
鈥淭hey鈥檝e stopped trying, that鈥檚 what they鈥檝e done,鈥� he said.
Mr. Orfield said a changing tone in federal courts has made it more difficult for districts around the country to complete and maintain desegregation efforts. He cited as a leading example the 2007 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, which limited the way districts that are not under active desegregation orders can use race as a factor when assigning students to schools.
Without the active 1989 agreement, Little Rock will be less able to balance race in its schools, just as it begins to lose state funding for those efforts, Mr. Orfield said.
The district also agreed to abandon its court challenge to the state鈥檚 unconditional approval of independent, open-enrollment charter schools in the area. Little Rock had argued that the charters stripped affluent, white students from its rolls and violated the 1989 agreement.
Political momentum to end the state desegregation aid has snowballed since 2011, when a judge abruptly ended most of the payments, an order that was quickly reversed by a federal appeals court.
The state was set to argue in court that it should be released from the 1989 agreement. Rather than gamble on the outcome, the parties agreed to a new settlement.
鈥淎fter all of the oversight that鈥檚 been here, I don鈥檛 think the districts want to regress,鈥� said Mr. Guess. 鈥淎ll of us in public education are very aware of our responsibility to be fair and equitable to students.鈥�
