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More than a dozen education programs鈥攊ncluding high-profile efforts focused on literacy, teaching, and learning鈥攆ace the prospect of a permanent federal funding loss after they were chopped from a stopgap spending measure signed into law by President Barack Obama last week.

The temporary spending law, intended to keep the government running until March 18 while Democrats and Republicans try to hash out a deal for the rest of the fiscal year, finances most federal programs at fiscal year 2010 levels.

But education programs such as Even Start, Striving Readers, and the privately organized Teach For America, ended up taking dramatic hits after Republican leaders insisted on cuts even in the temporary spending bill. The measure slashes nearly $750 million from the U.S Department of Education鈥檚 most recent overall discretionary budget of $46.6 billion, excluding Pell Grant funding.

Literacy programs bore the brunt. The funding for Striving Readers, which was financed at $250 million, was eliminated. The lost its $67 million appropriation.

The $88 million , which gave grants to districts to create more-personalized learning environments, was also scrapped.

Technically, the cuts are only in place for the two-week time period covered under the bill. But their restoration is considered extremely unlikely, given the aggressive push by lawmakers in the GOP-controlled House of Representatives to slim down the federal government.

And those cuts could just be the beginning, as Congress works to hammer out an agreement for the remainder of fiscal year 2011, which began on Oct. 1.

The House has approved a bill that would cut $5 billion out of the Education Department鈥檚 current-year budget, including a cut of nearly $700 million to Title I grants to districts, as well as a cut to Pell Grants for low- and moderate-income college students, and money to turn around the nation鈥檚 lowest-performing schools. The U.S. Senate has yet to take up the measure.

Education advocates are already worried about what this first round of cuts signals for the future of education spending.

鈥淚 do not believe that [Secretary of Education] Arne Duncan wanted to sell literacy out. He understands how important it is鈥� to improving student achievement, said Susan Frost, a vice president of the , a government affairs organization in Washington, who was a senior adviser in the Education Department during the Clinton administration. 鈥淚 think we鈥檙e now into a very high-level political set of decisions by everyone, and that doesn鈥檛 necessarily result in the best decisions for children.鈥�

But budget hawks say that increased spending doesn鈥檛 necessarily translate into better student outcomes鈥攁nd that there is plenty of waste left in the department鈥檚 coffers.

鈥淭he president 鈥� needs to take much more than a scalpel to the Department of Education鈥檚 budget鈥攖here鈥檚 room to take an ax,鈥� said Lindsey Burke, a policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation, a Washington think tank.

Obama Plan

When the cuts in the two-week stopgap measure were announced, a press release issued by the House Appropriations Committee said that education programs were targeted in part because they were slated for elimination in President Obama鈥檚 proposed fiscal 2012 budget.

But advocates say that鈥檚 misleading.

The administration had proposed consolidating 38 programs鈥攊ncluding Even Start, Striving Readers, and Smaller Learning Communities鈥攊nto 11 funding streams in its fiscal 2011 and 2012 budget requests.

For instance, the two literacy programs were supposed to be combined with four other programs into a $383 million funding stream called 鈥淓ffective Teaching and Learning: Literacy.鈥�

It was unclear whether Congress was going to take the administration up on its consolidation proposal, which would likely be a part of the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.

Still, saying the programs were slated for elimination rather than consolidation was 鈥渞eally disingenuous,鈥� said Joel Packer, a principal for the , a lobbying and policy organization in Washington. He works for the Committee for Education Funding, a lobbying coalition.

A spokeswoman for the House Appropriations Committee did not return calls before deadline.

Support for two private nonprofit literacy programs whose federal aid had been slated for consolidation into the fund鈥�, a book-distribution and reading-motivation program, financed at nearly $25 million, and the , a professional-development program aimed at improving writing instruction鈥攚as also axed.

Lawmakers considered both programs and at least 10 others 鈥渆armarks,鈥� or congressionally directed spending, which Congress has pledged not to fund in the current budget year.

Ms. Frost said the administration鈥檚 consolidation proposal may have resulted in the targeting of the literacy programs: 鈥淐onsolidation can be easily ticked off as a potential cut. ... When you block-grant something, you lose the constituency, because no one will say what this block grant is going to do.鈥�

Secretary Duncan said at a March 3 breakfast with bloggers that he hoped the funding could be restored at some point, and that he didn鈥檛 consider the cuts in the two-week patch to be the final word on those programs.

But that hope may be a long shot, given GOP lawmakers鈥� push to slim down the federal government.

Some lawmakers, though, say they鈥檒l try to get the funding back. Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, who heads his chamber鈥檚 appropriations subcommittee overseeing K-12 spending, said he would work to restore the cuts in a longer-term spending bill, particularly the cut to Striving Readers, a comprehensive literacy program that he views as unique and necessary, an aide said.

鈥淲hen are we going to learn that we need to stop eating our seed corn?鈥� Sen. Harkin said in an e-mailed statement. 鈥淲hen you cut education, that鈥檚 what it amounts to鈥攈urting kids, especially the neediest kids.鈥�

Cindy A. Zumwalt, the Even Start coordinator for the Illinois state board of education, said that because of the elimination of funding for Even Start, the 17 programs in Illinois will close. Last year, 643 families received services. She added that 89 percent of the families were at or below the federal poverty level. Seventy-nine percent of the parents were unemployed.

鈥淭he staff will have to look for other jobs, and more importantly, all of the families being served will lose service,鈥� Ms. Zumwalt said.

鈥楨armarks鈥� Slashed

A group of 11 senators, including Sen. Mary Landrieu, D-La., protested the cutting of programs that they said shouldn鈥檛 be lumped in with traditional earmarks: pet projects lawmakers request just for their districts.

鈥淭hese programs are nationally structured, with many years of bipartisan support,鈥� the senators wrote in a letter to top lawmakers on the Senate Appropriations Committee. 鈥淭hey benefit millions of individuals and families in a majority of states, districts, and regions throughout the country.鈥�

Some of the organizations affected rely on the federal government for a relatively small portion of their overall funding, including New Leaders for New Schools, a New York City-based nonprofit group that trains principals to work in underresourced schools. Federal funds make up 20 percent of its overall budget.

, which lost its $10.7 million appropriation, is in a similar boat. The money was used to help teachers cover the cost of getting the group鈥檚 advanced certification and to help the organization improve its program. The teaching-standards board will be able to continue its operations without the money, said its president, Joseph A. Aguerrebere.

But some organizations may depend on federal money for their very survival, including the National Writing Project. It gets about 50 percent of its funding from the federal government, with the other 50 percent coming from local matching grants from colleges and universities that participate. Most of those institutions are strapped for cash right now, in the face of major state and local cutbacks, said Sharon Washington, the National Writing Project鈥檚 executive director.

鈥淚 would love for the Writing Project to continue,鈥� Ms. Washington said. But while she and her staff will 鈥渨ork to do all things possible, we鈥檙e very aware of the fact that, without the federal investment, it will be a challenge.鈥�

The program, based in Berkeley, Calif., helps teachers learn how to work with their colleagues to improve writing instruction. Technically, the organization could still get some federal aid from the Education Department through the for programs of national significance, a discretionary pot of money.

But that fund has also been hit. It was financed at $125.4 million in fiscal 2010, but is now down to $37.3 million.

TFA Feels Pinch

Getting some of that money may be tough for the writing project. The department has 鈥済iven us no indication that they would be able to provide that kind of funding,鈥� Ms. Washington said.

Even Teach For America, a nationally prominent nonprofit based in New York City that attracts a lot of nonfederal support, will feel the loss of federal dollars.

The organization had projected that its 2011 corps would be around 5,400 teachers, said Carrie James, a spokeswoman for TFA. It now is expecting that number to be closer to 5,000, which means that 25,000 fewer students in high-poverty communities will have TFA teachers next year, she said.

The elimination of aid to TFA, which got $18 million in fiscal year 2010, won鈥檛 affect the group鈥檚 $50 million federal grant under the Investing in Innovation fund, which will be spent over five years and is intended to help TFA grow.

Lawmakers will spend the next two weeks working on ways to finance the budget for the rest of the fiscal year, which ends Sept. 30. Education groups don鈥檛 expect a quick and painless solution.

In the meantime, school districts, education nonprofits, and other school-related programs may have to hold off on their planning for next school year while they wait for a longer-term solution鈥攐r another temporary one.

鈥淚t鈥檚 just a terrible way to run the federal government,鈥� the Raben Group鈥檚 Mr. Packer said.