Congressional lawmakers and Bush administration officials pushed their separate proposals for improving math and science education last week at a series of mostly harmonious hearings that seemed to underscore their shared thinking on the issue.
鈥淲e鈥檙e all on the same train headed in the same direction,鈥� Sen. Lamar Alexander, R-Tenn., who has introduced bipartisan legislation on the subject, said Feb. 28, at the first of three hearings on the subject in successive days.
Sen. Alexander, the chairman of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee鈥檚 Subcommittee on Education and Early Childhood Development, is the sponsor of the Protecting America鈥檚 Competitive Edge Act. The measure would establish scholarships and other incentives aimed at raising the number of math and science teachers, and building students鈥� interests in those subjects.
鈥淭here is nothing in the United States Senate that commands such bipartisan support,鈥� Sen. Alexander, who served as secretary of education under President George H.W. Bush, added later.
Read a transcript of our exclusive online chat on Math and Science Education in the U.S.
Mr. Alexander and other subcommittee members quizzed Thomas W. Luce III, the Department of Education鈥檚 assistant secretary for planning, evaluation, and policy development, and, the next day, Henry L. Johnson, the assistant secretary for elementary and secondary education, about the administration鈥檚 math and science initiative. He also tried to gauge President Bush鈥檚 appetite for various pieces of the PACE Act.
A central piece of the president鈥檚 plan is an expansion of the Advanced Placement program, a series of college-prep high school courses that provide students with college credit if they achieve a passing score on tests. The New York City-based College Board sponsors the program. Recent nationwide gains in student math scores seemed to dissipate by the time students were reaching middle-school grades on up, Mr. Johnson said at the March 1 hearing.
鈥淲e鈥檙e not seeing the return at the secondary level,鈥� he said.
Shared Goals, Divergent Plans
President Bush鈥檚 $122 million AP proposal for fiscal 2007 would expand an existing competitive-grant program that allows states, school districts, and nonprofit groups to receive federal money for training teachers to lead AP courses and improving needy students鈥� access to the program. Grant recipients would be required to provide matching funds worth twice the federal investment.
Mr. Luce pointed to College Board estimates that 500,000 additional students were qualified to take and pass AP calculus tests today, if they took them.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 low-hanging fruit that we need to take advantage of,鈥� he told Sen. Alexander鈥檚 subcommittee on Feb. 28. Mr. Luce also addressed the administration鈥檚 plan at a House Appropriations subcommittee hearing two days later.
The administration also wants to have the federal government take a more active role in promoting effective math instruction. It proposes the creation of a National Mathematics Panel to 鈥渆mpirically evaluate鈥� approaches to teaching math, and a $250 million Math Now program to promote research-based practices in that subject at both the elementary and middle school levels鈥攁 step that Mr. Luce indicated would require lawmakers鈥� approval.
Mr. Luce said that the proposal would prepare students for middle and high school algebra, by grounding them in 鈥減re-algebraic concepts鈥� in grades K-6.
Bush administration officials have compared the math plans to the $1 billion- a-year Reading First program, under which the Education Department awards grants to reading initiatives it says are supported by strong research. Critics, however, say the program selectively enforces that mandate, favoring certain programs and discounting others unfairly. (鈥淲hite House Suggests Model Used in Reading to Elevate Math Skills,鈥� Feb. 15, 2006.)
Nationwide math scores, as measured on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, have been improving steadily in the 4th and 8th grades since 1990, though those gains slowed on the latest, 2005 test results. By contrast, NAEP reading scores have mostly stagnated during that time.
Weighing Incentives
As is the case in reading, there are long-standing debates about how to teach math most effectively, and whether more emphasis should be placed on building students鈥� basic skills or problem-solving abilities. Critics have asked whether the administration鈥檚 math proposal might favor one approach over the other. Sen. Alexander predicted it would not.
鈥淎s long as we鈥檙e not requiring [schools] to adopt this or that curriculum, but making available best practices and good thinking, I think it鈥檚 a good idea,鈥� he said after the Feb. 28 hearing.
The PACE Act would require a significant federal commitment鈥�$9 billion in spending in its first year, with $5 billion of that devoted to doubling an existing federal research tax credit, Sen. Alexander said. The legislation proposes taking 20 specific steps for improving math and science education recommended in a much-discussed 2005 National Academies report, 鈥淩ising Above the Gathering Storm,鈥� which was commissioned by Congress.
The PACE Act calls for several steps not included in the Bush plan, including scholarships worth as much as $20,000 annually for four years for students who would major in math, science, or engineering while also pursuing teacher certification. Additional bonuses would be available to bachelor鈥檚-degree recipients who agreed to teach those subjects in high-need schools, or who served as mentors to struggling teachers in those subjects.
Mr. Luce said the administration backs the idea of paying in-demand teachers more.
鈥淲e all have to address the issue of differentiated pay,鈥� he said. Referring to his experiences in his home state, he added: 鈥淚 always said in Texas, a great teacher deserves a great salary.鈥�
