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One recent Wednesday night, Superintendent Jon Bales received a pair of phone calls at home that dismayed but did not surprise him.
The president of the local teachers鈥� union called him with updates from the state Capitol, a short drive away in Madison, Wis. Dozens of teachers from the had joined the burgeoning protests there, Rick Hill told him, and many educators were unlikely to report to work the next day.
Mr. Bales soon realized he would have to call off school. That night, the two men鈥攚ho are on friendly terms鈥攚orked out an agreement. Teachers in the district would not call in sick, but would make up the lost time by working a day they were scheduled to have off. Mr. Bales began calling administrators and arranging outreach to parents, whose plans for the next day would be disrupted.
Massive protests have been the norm in Wisconsin, since Gov. Scott Walker, a Republican, unveiled a plan to strip many collective bargaining rights from teachers and most other public employees. GOP elected officials are pursuing similar measures in Ohio and other states.
But here in the DeForest district, like some others around the state, collective bargaining, while often difficult, has produced agreements that generally satisfied both sides. Gov. Walker鈥檚 would upend existing relationships, a number of superintendents and local teachers鈥� union leaders say, and create the potential for more division. It would give district leaders far more power to determine everything from teachers鈥� health-care coverage to school assignments and class sizes鈥攎atters that would fall outside the scope of collective bargaining.
鈥淚n the end, on a local basis, what we have is still each other,鈥� Mr. Bales said in an interview in his office last week. 鈥淥ur culture here is built around trying to engage everybody in [the] conversation.鈥�
The furor over the governor鈥檚 plan has left administrators like Mr. Bales, as well as teachers and parents, with an unfamiliar and still-evolving challenge: how to work through the upheaval and go about the business of educating students鈥攚hile trying to hold their school communities together.
鈥淵ou have to have respect the fact that people are being impacted personally,鈥� said Mr. Bales. 鈥淏ut from our perspective, and from the teachers鈥� leadership as well, you have to keep the kids in mind first. You have to separate the personal impact from the impact on the system.鈥�
Mr. Hill, a 58-year-old educator who teaches special education, worries that the cooperative approach will be replaced by one that encourages both sides to 鈥済et the best you can, when you can.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 really worried,鈥� the local union president explained. 鈥淚t鈥檚 the Wild West if you鈥檝e taken away all sense of what鈥檚 reasonable, of how you work through things.鈥�
Consensus Bargaining
Officials in the 3,250-student district and members of the teachers鈥� union, an affiliate of the 98,000-member , or WEAC, and the National Education Association, use an approach known as consensus bargaining in their contract negotiations. They begin by laying out broad principles and gradually moving into contract specifics.
Forum Discussion: Opposing Views on Wisconsin
On their edweek.org blogs, Diane Ravitch and Rick Hess take very different views of the Wisconsin protests over legislation to limit collective bargaining rights for teachers. Where do you stand, and do you see any merit in the other side鈥檚 arguments?
鈥� Join the discussion.
During contract negotiations, the two sides sometimes meet in the district鈥檚 offices. On other occasions, they gather at the local library in DeForest, whose 9,000 or so residents include workers employed in manufacturing, farming, and government, often in Madison, just to the south. Votes on various provisions are taken by hand, with participants signaling thumbs up, thumbs down, or thumbs sideways. A single thumbs-down was sufficient to nix a provision, so participants work to reach an accord in which all parties have at least a neutral, or sideways, position, explained Vickie Adkins, the district鈥檚 human-resources director.
The district鈥檚 contract gives teachers average salary increases of about 2-4 percent a year, when step pay raises and additional raises for different classifications of educators are included, Mr. Bales estimates. He puts the average teachers鈥� salary at $52,600 a year. Gov. Walker鈥檚 plan would limit yearly raises to no more than the Consumer Price Index鈥攚hich rose by 1.6 percent for the most recent year ending in January鈥攗nless local communities approve higher raises.
The pay increase was made possible partly because the district, which has a total budget of $35 million, and union agreed to revise the contract to move to a lower-cost insurance carrier, school system officials said. Under the governor鈥檚 plan, health-insurance decisions at the local level would no longer be subject to bargaining, meaning district officials could set health-coverage policy on their own.
Gov. Walker argues that requiring teachers to pay for pensions鈥攎ost chip in nothing now鈥攁nd restricting collective bargaining on health care and other issues will help districts save more than enough money to offset in state aid to schools over the coming two years.
Mr. Bales, now in his 13th year as superintendent, worries the proposal would bring more costs than savings to his district, though he says he can鈥檛 yet predict the size of the gap. Districts across Wisconsin faced a deadline last week to send preliminary notices to employees who would be laid off. Mr. Bales and Ms. Adkins hope to avoid layoffs for next academic year by not filling an anticipated 12 to 20 vacancies that will be likely be created by retirements and other departures.
A higher number of the DeForest district鈥檚 258 teachers than usual have indicated that they plan to retire after this year, citing concerns about either losing or having to pay more for retirement benefits, because of shrinking local budgets and potential reductions created by the governor鈥檚 proposal.
Mr. Hill says he also hears worries and frustration, particularly from teachers who say educators are being unfairly targeted in the state, and around the country, by those who blame them for budget woes and longstanding problems in schools.
鈥淚鈥檝e never heard as many people say, 鈥業鈥檓 getting out,鈥� 鈥� he said.
Labor Clout Criticized
Critics of teachers鈥� unions, and advocates for tighter controls on government spending, sometimes argue that collective bargaining tips negotiating scales heavily in favor of labor organizations and prevents management from making changes to district operations that can save money and improve student achievement. Some say that the prospect of angering politically active teachers鈥� unions can put pressure on district leaders to accept deals they might not like.
In that context, some Wisconsin school administrators鈥� qualms about the governor鈥檚 proposal are easier to understand, said Mike Antonucci, the director of the Education Intelligence Agency, California-based organization that researches and is often critical of unions. Should Gov. Walker鈥檚 plan win approval, school officials in local districts will be left dealing with frustrated employees at a time when their schools are facing painful budget cuts.
鈥淒istrict administrators don鈥檛 want any trouble,鈥� Mr. Antonucci said in an e-mail. Administrators, he said, 鈥渁re the ones who have to live with the new arrangement鈥攚ith angry unions that haven鈥檛 been eliminated, just defanged.鈥�
In the DeForest district, meanwhile, Mr. Bales鈥� efforts to mitigate the impact of the state tensions have also included reaching out to parents, many of whom were outraged at seeing school canceled even for day (some Wisconsin districts were out much longer).
The superintendent estimates that about 90 percent of calls and e-mails he received were from people who were upset over the district employees鈥� staying away from school to protest.
The reaction was more mixed in the 6,000-student Middleton-Cross Plains Area School District, which canceled two days of classes because many teachers and other employees did not report for work, said Superintendent Don Johnson. Opinion from parents, he said, seemed to be roughly divided in thirds, either supporting the teachers鈥� action, opposing it, or ending up somewhere in between.
Some parents in the district, located in suburban Madison, worried that educators would promote a 鈥渦nion point of view鈥� in their classes, Mr. Johnson said. As the public protests played out, the superintendent sent a memo to teachers, referring them to a policy that requires educators to present controversial topics impartially. He also advised teachers to avoid discussing the Wisconsin fight entirely if it had nothing to do with their classes.
鈥淲e need to understand that our charge is to help students understand issues,鈥� Mr. Johnson said. His message was that the controversy is 鈥渞ight here, right now,鈥� he noted, 鈥渂ut it doesn鈥檛 really belong in a chemistry classroom.鈥�
During the protests, reports emerged that some teachers around the state had asked doctors to give them notes reporting that they were sick鈥攁nd as a result would be paid for the days they missed鈥攚hen in fact they were attending the protests. Mr. Johnson also asked teachers who did not report to school and instead attended the protests to take leave without pay, rather than reporting sick, which, he explained in a Feb. 20 memo, would 鈥渃larify for the public that we are all acting honestly and honorably.鈥�
Many educators are scared for the future of their profession, and worried about the quality of education declining with budget cuts, said Pat Keeler, a social studies teacher and union member. A lot of teachers have spoken to him about other career options.
鈥淧eople are mad,鈥� the 44-year-old said. 鈥淭hey don鈥檛 understand why they鈥檙e scapegoats for Wisconsin鈥檚 budget ills.鈥�
Some public resentment over the canceled classes lingers. Mr. Johnson said he had received eight public-records requests related to the work stoppage, the majority from people in the community wanting the names of district employees who had not reported to work and what reasons they had given.
No 鈥楶aid Guns鈥�
In the Watertown Unified School District, a 4,000-student system in a city less than an hour east of Madison, Superintendent Douglas Keiser and Rusty Tiedemann, who helps negotiate for the local teachers鈥� union, have spoken regularly during recent weeks, meeting for breakfast and exchanging phone calls.
District officials have a history of working through vexing issues with the union, Mr. Keiser said. The two sides avoid bringing what he calls 鈥減aid guns"鈥攐utside union negotiators and the district鈥檚 lawyer鈥攊nto the negotiations.
Both men say they hear questions every day from teachers and other employees about what鈥檚 ahead for the school budget and staff members鈥� contracts. But until they know the fate of the governor鈥檚 proposal, they can鈥檛 provide answers.
鈥淚t鈥檚 been challenging to know how to act and what to do,鈥� said Mr. Tiedemann, a health teacher. 鈥淓veryone鈥檚 afraid that actions that we take may be interpreted as an affront to our community, or to our district, which is not what it鈥檚 meant to be at all. We鈥檙e very happy with our district, and with our community.鈥�
Stephanie Griggs, a parent of three students in Watertown, has a different perspective. The former school board member believes teachers and other public workers need to contribute to their pensions and health insurance, as is the norm in the private sector, and says that the state needs to curb collective bargaining rights to change to keep costs to taxpayers low.
Wisconsin鈥檚 largest teachers鈥� union, WEAC, has said it will accept the governor鈥檚 proposal to pay more for pensions and health coverage, but not the collective bargaining changes.
鈥淓veryone is feeling the pinch,鈥� Ms. Griggs said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 know anybody but maybe two or three people who have gotten pay increases in the past five years.鈥�
She also worries that the ongoing controversy will make it less likely that local voters will approve important future spending measures to help schools in the district.
鈥淲hat鈥檚 happening now is pitting parents against teachers,鈥� she said. 鈥淧arents don鈥檛 feel comfortable talking to teachers about it, and teachers don鈥檛 feel comfortable talking to parents about it. So it鈥檚 kind of like they just don鈥檛 talk.鈥�
Mr. Keiser says he鈥檚 tried to reach deals with the local union that are fair to teachers and taxpayers. Whatever becomes of Gov. Walker鈥檚 measure, he hopes some measure of cooperation continues.
Neither side would accept 鈥渏ust acquiescing to the other,鈥� Mr. Keiser said. In most negotiations, 鈥測ou don鈥檛 come away feeling like you won, you don鈥檛 come away feeling like you lost. ... You have to be reasonable,鈥� he added, because if you aren鈥檛, 鈥測ou鈥檒l pay the price the next time around.鈥�
