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Homecoming kings and queens. Lines for boys and lines for girls. Class rosters with names and gender seemingly set in stone.

Schools can be a battleground for transgender students or students who are gender nonconforming. And the potential land mines go far beyond restroom assignments, which have been a politically charged focal point in conversations about transgender youth for the past few years.

Advocates say teachers must create a safe, supportive, and inclusive classroom for transgender and gender-nonconforming students, whose gender identity or expression does not conform to the traditional expectations of the gender they were assigned at birth. And that means teachers need specialized training.

鈥淓ducators really need guidance on these issues,鈥� said Sophia Arredondo, the director of education and youth programs at GLSEN. 鈥淢ost of them will tell you they don鈥檛 want to do anything wrong. They want to be as supportive as possible.鈥�

Even so, 鈥渨e know that too often, professional development for educators often does not include LGBTQ identities and often even less so around trans- or gender-nonconforming identities,鈥� she said.

Research has found that compared to their non-transgender peers, transgender youth are more likely to miss school, have lower grades, and view their school climate negatively.

A 2017 study by GLSEN found that nearly 84 percent of transgender students and 70 percent of gender-nonconforming students were bullied or harassed at school. Just over 40 percent of these students had been prevented by a school policy from using their affirmed name or pronouns, and almost half had been required to use the bathroom that differed from their gender identity.

Supportive teachers and administrators can help reduce some of these odds, Arredondo said.

鈥淲hen [students] don鈥檛 feel affirmed or don鈥檛 feel safe, then they can鈥檛 learn,鈥� she said.

There鈥檚 no firm national data on how many students identify as transgender or gender-nonconforming. A recent study of 81,000 Minnesota teens found that nearly 3 percent were transgender or gender-nonconforming. The students were in 9th and 11th grades.

Preparing Educators

But few professional development providers and teacher-preparation programs show teachers the best practices for working with students of different gender identities. Five years ago, faculty at the University of Colorado Boulder鈥檚 school of education realized they were sending teachers out into the field without preparing them to teach LGBTQ students.

鈥淲e kind of owe them a debt,鈥� said Bethy Leonardi, an assistant research professor at CU Boulder and the co-founder and co-director of A Queer Endeavor, which provides professional learning opportunities around gender and sexuality for teachers. 鈥淲e recognize that there鈥檚 a need, that teachers in the field are really craving this kind of support.鈥�

Since 2014, A Queer Endeavor has trained 6,000 teachers, counselors, and administrators. The group has partnered with five Colorado districts and offers as many trainings for staff as requested, in addition to an annual professional-development institute for teachers across the state.

鈥淎 lot of times when LGBTQ students are talked about, it鈥檚, 鈥楬ow do we protect these kids?鈥� 鈥� Leonardi said. 鈥淥ur work really broadens the scope of what this conversation is all about. We want to create cultures and contexts that recognize and affirm gender diversity.鈥�

Teachers can start by challenging gender norms in their classrooms and avoiding gendered language, such as calling students 鈥渂oys and girls,鈥� she said. And she encourages teachers to create space in their classroom for students to share their pronouns.

鈥淲e often say, 鈥楽hare your pronouns as a teacher as a way to open up the conversation,鈥� 鈥� she said. 鈥淵ou become the curriculum for students.鈥�

Megan Hayes-Golding, a high school physics and robotics teacher at Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Mass., said she shares personal things with her students, which encourages them to also open up to her. For instance, she鈥檒l mention her wife in conversations, and includes her pronouns on her name tag. Hayes-Golding tells students they are welcome to share their pronouns with her鈥攂ut she doesn鈥檛 make it mandatory.

鈥淚f I asked every kid in the room to share their pronouns, a kid who is just figuring out their identity is going to be uncomfortable,鈥� she said.

Meanwhile, at Silver Creek High School in Sellersburg, Ind., there are several students who are transgender or gender-nonconforming, said Erin Braune, a 10th and 11th grade English teacher and the founder of the school鈥檚 Gay-Straight Alliance.

鈥淲hen they tell their teachers [their gender identity], they feel supported,鈥� she said. But not all of them do share.

To get around that problem in her own classroom, Braune asks her students what their pronouns are鈥攁nd in what context she should use them鈥攊n her back-to-school survey. For example, she said, some students might only want her to use their affirmed pronouns or names privately, and not in front of their classmates. And other students might be out at school, but not to their parents.

Students, she said, 鈥渘eed a place to ask questions and feel like they can let their guard down for a second. It helps normalize what is often seen as the other.鈥�

Experts say this work can begin at all grade levels. In fact, Leonardi said elementary teachers are the most likely to sign up for A Queer Endeavor鈥檚 voluntary trainings.

Christopher Henry Hinesley, the assistant director for campus life at the Q Center at Rochester Institute of Technology, works with LGBTQ students brand new to college. He鈥檚 noticed that students seem to be beginning to transition or come out at earlier ages.

鈥淚鈥檓 seeing kids who have transitioned already before they get here, at least socially, or they鈥檙e ready to go once they get here,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 know we have a generation coming who will have already transitioned in middle school or elementary school.鈥�

That means that teachers of all grade levels need to embed LGBTQ experiences into their curricula, Hinesley said. Just four states鈥擨llinois, California, New Jersey, and Colorado鈥�have mandated teaching LGBTQ history in the last few years.

鈥淗aving a Harvey Milk Day isn鈥檛 going to cut it,鈥� he said. 鈥淲e need to talk more about what are the present-day experiences of people who, every time they fill out a form, their identity gets erased. What kind of stories can we tell that will expand the narrative to include more people?鈥�

Learning the Language

That鈥檚 why professional learning is so important, Leonardi said. A Queer Endeavor鈥檚 trainings equip teachers with the tools and vocabulary to tell the stories of LGBTQ people.

鈥淎 lot of teachers don鈥檛 have the language. They just haven鈥檛 been supported to understand the difference between gender and sexuality, for example,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not on teachers. ... It鈥檚 been deemed inappropriate and controversial. It鈥檚 not controversy; it鈥檚 students鈥� lives.鈥�

Teachers at Silver Creek High School in Indiana were eager to support LGBTQ students鈥攂ut they didn鈥檛 know where to start, Braune said. She sent out a list of terms, such as 鈥済ender-nonconforming鈥� and 鈥渘onbinary,鈥� to the faculty so they could 鈥渇eel a little more confident.鈥�

But now that students have taken more ownership of the school鈥檚 Gay-Straight Alliance, Braune said they are educating their teachers, too.

Last school year, the Hopkins school district in Minnetonka, Minn., held a training on transgender students. It was organized and presented by three transgender students, said Mark French, the principal of Gatewood Elementary School who attended.

As an openly gay man, French thought he was well-versed in creating an inclusive school climate, but hearing directly from transgender students was powerful, he said.

鈥淲hat I took away from each of these students,鈥� he said, 鈥渋s we have to respect and take their lead in how they want to be identified.鈥�