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Federal investments in teacher 鈥渞esidency鈥� programs are illuminating both promising developments and growing pains for the schools of education implementing the hands-on approach to training.

Funded in part through the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 , the residency programs apprentice teacher-candidates to a mentor teacher in a high-need school for a year. Residents receive a stipend for the on-the-job training, which is supplemented with a streamlined set of coursework. The intensive, yearlong approach is supposed to better align coursework with practical experience than traditional student-teaching, which typically comes during the last semester of the teacher-preparation program.

Successes of the new ventures so far include engaged teacher-candidates and stronger relationships with the local school districts in which the residents are placed.

鈥淲e鈥檝e heard from residents that it鈥檚 been an amazing experience,鈥� said A. Lin Goodwin, the associate dean for teacher education at Teachers College, Columbia University, which began in June 2010. 鈥淭hey鈥檝e been in schools working with kids, experiencing all kinds of situations and circumstances and learners and content areas.鈥�

But the programs鈥� officials also outlined challenges they鈥檝e faced, such as finding high-quality mentors and meshing the residency model with existing teacher education regulations.

鈥淚t鈥檚 the hardest thing I鈥檝e ever done,鈥� said Therese A. Dozier, the director of the , at Virginia Commonwealth University, describing challenges in adapting the training model to the secondary school teacher-preparation rules in her state. The program she oversees launched this summer.

鈥淚鈥檝e never seen the faculty more excited and committed, but they can鈥檛 just waive the state-approval requirements,鈥� said Ms. Dozier, the 1985 national Teacher of the Year and the first official teacher-adviser to a U.S. secretary of education. 鈥淚t鈥檚 really like putting together a puzzle, and it can only fit a certain way.鈥�

Meeting Needs

Through $43 million total in annual funding for the winners of a 2009 competition and $100 million in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Funding, the federal government has supported the establishment or expansion of 26 residencies. Grantees match that on a dollar-for-dollar basis. Each program, in consultation with the receiving district, selects the grade level and content areas in which the new teachers are needed.

Though meant as seed funding, the five-year grants have taken on high stakes for grantees to prove the worth of their projects. With lawmakers toying with other ideas for reforming teacher education, prospects for additional federal funding look increasingly grim. (鈥淣ew Rules for Ed. Prep Are Mulled,鈥� March 9, 2011.)

The new projects are also significant because a majority of them are housed at universities鈥攁 change from early examples such as the Boston Teacher Residency, which grew out of a venture headed by a nonprofit organization.

Where the Boston program had the freedom to use instructors from a variety of schools and to design its own master鈥檚 degree, universities have, in effect, had to retrofit existing programming to meet criteria in their state or institution for granting degrees.

Nevertheless, each of the newly funded programs has sought to put its own stamp on the basic concept of the residency by emphasizing needs particular to the districts in which they operate. The increased cooperation with local districts is paying off, intensifying even existing relationships with them.

Districts have been involved in selecting the teacher-candidates, helping to identify top mentor teachers, and even helping to design the streamlined coursework.

鈥淎 lot of times a university gets a grant and the school system may or may not be full partners. In our case, they were,鈥� said Ms. Dozier, who added that district officials took part in selecting residents. 鈥淭hey were fighting over them!鈥�

Gwendolyn T. Benson, the associate dean for school and community partnerships at , in Atlanta, also praised the specialized training for the classroom teachers with whom residents are paired in schools, another feature of the new programs.

鈥淲e always talk about wanting our partners to inform us how to best prepare our teachers, but we鈥檝e never had an opportunity to try to train mentors to this extent,鈥� she said. 鈥淲hen you think about having a teacher [candidate] in your classroom for an entire year, it鈥檚 a different kind of relationship鈥� than traditional, student-teaching.

Streamlined Coursework

In fits and starts, the programs have also whittled down what is traditionally a two-year degree program into as few as 14 months.

With not enough time to change what are often strict content guidelines for university-based preparation, most grantees have changed how courses are delivered. They threaded key topics through several meetings rather than offering, for instance, an entire course dedicated to multicultural education.

Leaders of the , for example, combined separate courses in STEM鈥攕cience, technology, engineering, and mathematics鈥攖eaching methods and secondary education methods, using faculty co-teaching to streamline the requirements.

鈥淲e really had to come to the table to examine what we needed students to know and understand,鈥� said Patricia M. Rogan, the executive associate dean of the school of education at Indiana University, the higher education partner. 鈥淚t was a full curriculum mapping.鈥�

Programs also have experimented with alternative delivery models: Georgia State supplemented some in-person classes with online courses.

And as it begins its second year, the residency program at Old Dominion University, in Norfolk, Va., will offer more of its coursework over the summers so that residents can spend an additional weekday at their school placements.

鈥淥ne thing we鈥檙e really pleased with is that all of these residents love being in the classroom,鈥� said Sharon A. Judge, the associate dean for graduate studies at Old Dominion. 鈥淥n the Fridays when they have their education courses, they don鈥檛 like leaving school. They want to stay.鈥�

Some of the foundational ideas behind teacher residency have proved difficult to implement.

For one, the applicant pool hasn鈥檛 always been as strong as programs had hoped. Several programs require applicants to have a 3.0 GPA, higher than is typical in teacher education. That bar, combined with difficulties in recruiting for shortage fields, has posed problems.

鈥淲e had over 50 applicants, but a lot of them didn鈥檛 meet our criteria,鈥� said Ms. Judge, ticking off four exams prospective teachers must take, among other requirements. 鈥淭o pay for them out of pocket can be quite costly.鈥�

Ms. Dozier of VCU faulted some of the regulations governing teacher education in Virginia. For instance, she said, some candidates with excellent credentials were barred for not meeting specific prerequisites. She recounted losing a Cornell University-trained sociology student because the state doesn鈥檛 recognize that field under social studies.

鈥淚t has been a nightmare trying to make everything align,鈥� she said. 鈥淭his is a new approach to training teachers, but we鈥檙e functioning within the traditional structure of how programs get changed and approved.鈥�

Finding Mentors

The teacher educators also pointed to difficulties finding effective mentor teachers in the appropriate subject areas to help the residents translate their coursework into high-quality teaching.

鈥淗igh-needs schools are categorized as such for a reason. Quite often, you鈥檙e talking about schools with high turnover and about [mentor] teachers who don鈥檛 have a lot of experience necessarily,鈥� said Ms. Goodwin, the Teachers College associate dean. 鈥淵ou can be a great teacher, but working with an adult and trying to articulate what you know to an adult learner鈥攖hat is a separate process completely.鈥�

While many of the mentor-candidate matches were successful, working to make sure that mentor teachers fully understood their duties鈥攕ay, attending planning meetings鈥攑osed some problems, said Georgia State鈥檚 Ms. Benson.

The residency programs typically pay mentor teachers a stipend, too, but Ms. Benson said the $1,000 her program awarded might not have been enough of an incentive for teachers to take on the rewarding, but delicate, task of sharing their classrooms for a full year.

鈥淚f we had to write this grant again, we鈥檇 probably try to do more for our mentors,鈥� she said.

Ms. Rogan added that depending on applications, one year鈥檚 cohort of candidates may have more residents in science and the next in math, making it difficult to establish a critical mass of effective master teachers.

鈥淚t鈥檚 that variability that has made it a little more challenging to have readily available mentors we can use again and again,鈥� she said.

The challenge of funding also looms large for the programs.

Projects first funded in the 2009 competition are now in their third of five years of federal funding; their remaining continuation grants remain uncertain. (Projects financed through the economic-stimulus legislation, by contrast, received the five-year award all at once.)

Drawn-out federal budget negotiations have flat-funded Teacher Quality Partnership financing for the last two years, but even the Obama administration has proposed combining the program into a new funding stream.

Federal appropriations notwithstanding, several of the new projects鈥� leaders say they will likely need to rely on additional grant funding to keep going.

Though teacher residencies are meant to save districts money by reducing turnover, the programs are generally more expensive for universities than traditional teacher education programs, the projects鈥� managers said.

鈥淭raditional candidates don鈥檛 get a dime, unless they鈥檙e awarded a scholarship. And yet the resident stipend has been the carrot for top-notch career changers,鈥� said Ms. Rogan of Indiana University. 鈥淭he second thing is that it has been more labor intensive, and there鈥檚 a higher faculty-student ratio than in traditional programs.鈥�

Enough Experimentation?

There are signs, though, that the projects funded beginning in 2009 have already begun to learn from the first year in action, and to tweak their projects accordingly.

The program at Teachers College, for example, is lengthening its mentor-teacher training by an additional day. Old Dominion University plans to do more up-front training on practical issues like lesson-planning and classroom management before placing residents in classrooms.

Observers, meanwhile, praised the new projects, but also questioned whether they go far enough in playing with the fundamental structure of teacher education.

鈥淭he only real variation people have built into these programs is where they fall on the spectrum of theory and practice,鈥� said Ellen Condliffe Lagermann, a former dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Ms. Lagermann recently chaired a National Research Council panel that on the impact of teacher preparation.

鈥淚 think we need really to think more deeply about what are some of the other variables that can be experimented with,鈥� she said.