Corrected: An earlier version of this article misspelled the last name of Ronald D. Stephens, the executive director of the National School Safety Center, in some references.
They鈥檝e been watching the world from malls, gas stations, and other public places for decades, but now, surveillance cameras are becoming a standard, even expected, fixture in school hallways. And technological advances and violent incidents such as the recent Newtown, Conn., school shootings seem to be hastening their installation across the country, according to experts.
Some critics argue that pervasive fear might be clouding reasoned judgment, as schools rush to amp up their safety and surveillance measures. Newtown鈥檚 Sandy Hook Elementary School, where 26 students and staff members were killed in December, had a video surveillance camera and buzzer entrance system, which allowed approval of all visitors seeking to enter the school. Those measures, though, were little protection against a determined killer with powerful guns.
Sending children to an environment in which they are under a constant state of surveillance does not come without some caveats, critics of the practice say.
鈥淐onstant surveillance, from the time children enter school to the time they leave, teaches the wrong thing about the relationship between the citizen and the government in a democratic society,鈥� said Jay C. Stanley, a senior policy analyst for the American Civil Liberties Union in Washington.
Since the Sandy Hook massacre, more than 400 bills related to school safety have been proposed in state legislatures, according to a recent 澳门跑狗论坛 analysis. At least 62 of the bills directly concerned building safety upgrades, which can include school surveillance cameras.
鈥淎ny time something like what we saw at Sandy Hook Elementary happens, it encourages more schools to [install cameras],鈥� said Ronald D. Stephens, the executive director of the National School Safety Center in Westlake Village, Calif. 鈥淚t sends school board members back to the drawing board.鈥�
He noted that surveillance cameras first started finding a home in schools in the 1980s, after several school shootings, including those in Pearl, Miss., and Bethel, Ala.
Growing Demand
Stanley Security Solutions, a global company that provides security hardware to schools, hospitals, and governments, has seen an increase in demand for its products, including cameras, in recent months, with the most significant increase coming from near Connecticut and the New England region, where the Sandy Hook shootings, as well as , took place. In Boston, the nation saw how authorities鈥� strategic use of surveillance cameras helped to identify the suspects.
鈥淚n the pre-Sandy Hook environment, schools were going through the motions and paying due diligence to common threats,鈥� said Bob Stockwell, a global technology leader with Stanley Security. 鈥淏ut that was on a much less violent timeline.鈥�
Among the schools that have recently moved to bolster surveillance systems is Walpole High School in Walpole, Mass. The school has petitioned the town鈥檚 capital budget committee for funds to install additional security cameras for the past few years. Finally, last month, the town voted to approve allocating the funds.
Walpole High鈥檚 principal, Stephen Imbusch, said 鈥淪andy Hook is probably one of the things that has pushed the funding this time around. People are more aware of the need for camera surveillance in schools.鈥�
Once installed in schools, though, surveillance cameras are used not only for security from outside invaders, but also for monitoring inside threats and student behavior.
Mr. Imbusch said that in the 1,165-student high school, the existing security cameras have proven useful in determining what might have happened in certain disciplinary or criminal situations.
鈥淭hey鈥檝e primarily been used to solve any questions we might have,鈥� said Mr. Imbusch. 鈥淎nd they may have some kind of quality I can鈥檛 assess鈥攚hen people see a camera they may be less inclined to do something, so they鈥檙e preventive.鈥�
Cheaper, More Advanced
Technological advances, such as enhanced remote capabilities, have also helped to lower the costs of buying and installing the equipment, making them more affordable for schools.
鈥淭hey can now buy 10 cameras where they could afford two before, so they鈥檙e becoming more mainstream,鈥� said Mr. Stockwell.
Likewise, cameras鈥� growing capacity to provide sharper images have enhanced their usefulness, while digital capture and storage capabilities make the footage easier to access, view, and share. School hallways aren鈥檛 simply being watched鈥攕ome cameras are now capable of capturing and detecting motion and changes in temperature.
The shift from analog to IP, or Internet Protocol, cameras also means that surveillance footage can be easily shared with police, further upping the cameras鈥� appeal. But some, including Mr. Stanley of the ACLU, question the possible effects of having stored videos of children鈥攙ideos that could be saved for years to come.
The footage from those newer cameras is stored centrally on a school鈥檚 information-technology platform. Because the platform may be owned by the county or state, in the case of public schools, police departments also have access to the platform.
Technological advancements have played a role in cameras鈥� use for security surveillance as well as , such as teacher professional development or evaluation. Cameras with 360-degree visual capability, for instance, allow users to take in an entire classroom to get a more comprehensive view of both the teacher giving the lesson and students鈥� engagement with it.
While progress in the way cameras operate and their abilities to monitor the halls where children spend a large portion of their days seems to create a sense of increasing safety for some communities, there are limits to the security they can actually provide in a crisis, some experts note.
鈥淣o one鈥檚 argued that video cameras would have done something at Sandy Hook,鈥� said Mr. Stanley. 鈥淐ameras could have only done something after the fact, but in that case, the person wasn鈥檛 concerned about what happened after the fact. The pros and cons have to be thought out very carefully before changing the learning environment.鈥�
Jason P. Nance, an assistant professor of law at the University of Florida, in Gainesville, said, 鈥淚t seems to be accepted throughout the public, both socially and politically, that cameras are an acceptable way to monitor students. What people don鈥檛 realize sometimes is cameras are actually more intrusive than people think. Because their uses are not overt, like pat-downs or metal detectors, they don鈥檛 send out a prison-like vibe.鈥�
Hidden Costs?
There are two social costs associated with school surveillance cameras, according to Mr. Nance. The first results from submitting students to a constant state of surveillance.
鈥淢any would argue that this is a substantial invasion of students鈥� privacy rights, especially because states have mandatory attendance requirements, so students are essentially required to be subjected to constant government monitoring,鈥� said Mr. Nance.
Second, constant surveillance in schools may lead children to accept constant government surveillance in public places.
While questions about the effects of policies incorporating surveillance cameras might arise, their continued presence in schools has legal footing.
Mr. Stephens, of the National School Safety Center, explained that the basic expectation of schools is that they provide 鈥渞easonable care鈥� in establishing safety policies. It is up to local school boards to decide what their security practices will be in meeting that standard.
鈥淭hese standards can be different depending on the kinds of risks and threats schools face,鈥� added Mr. Stephens. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a function of place, threat, and circumstance.鈥�
A potential legal tripwire for use of surveillance cameras comes from the Fourth Amendment鈥檚 protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. But Mr. Nance said courts typically consider cameras minimally intrusive.
He explained that cameras may be placed in schools so long as they aren鈥檛 placed in areas where students and staff would have a reasonable expectation of privacy, such as locker rooms or bathrooms.
In one case where cameras were found to be illegal, the devices were embedded in school-issued laptops that were used out of school.
Despite such concerns, Mr. Stephens said security cameras may now be in schools to stay. 鈥淢y take is, we鈥檝e certainly lost some of our innocence,鈥� he said. 鈥淎nd we鈥檝e lost privacy to cameras.鈥�
