At the start of her art class at Sunset High School near the heart of this city, Gianna Loscherbo-Starkus hands out a mood meter to each of her students. It鈥檚 a sheet of paper with a grid of 16 faces printed on it鈥攈appy, sad, angry, calm, lonely, content and so on鈥攁nd students circle the face that best captures how they are feeling that morning.
On this particular day, several mood meters come back with the worried faces circled.
鈥淟ots of kids are worried right now about getting sick,鈥� Loscherbo-Starkus explained.
It鈥檚 mid-March and two days before President Donald Trump will declare a national state of emergency over the coronavirus and a week before all of the state鈥檚 K-12 public schools will close on Governor Greg Abbott鈥檚 orders.
Taking that moment to check in with students and encourage them to evaluate their emotional state so they can clear their heads for academics is the core of what social-emotional learning is about.
The high school years are a particularly important time for students to develop not only their algebra skills but also their abilities to manage their emotions. That鈥檚 because teenagers are dealing with a combustible mix of issues.
In addition to becoming more aware of current events and the world around them, high school students are facing rising rates of depression and anxiety. They are navigating drug and alcohol use among their peers. They may be confronting bullying not just in the hallways at school but also on social-media platforms 24-7. Many are entering into their first, real romantic relationships. And to top it all off, teenagers are also trying to figure out what they are going to do with their lives post-high-school.
鈥淭he high school life is replete with experiences that have to be managed well,鈥� said Marc Brackett, a professor at Yale University who studies the science of emotion.
鈥淚f we鈥檙e not teaching students how to regulate their sleep patterns, how to eat healthy, how to get that physical activity that they need, and if we鈥檙e not teaching them how to persevere even in classes where they鈥檙e bored, or how to manage their stress, we鈥檙e not doing them any good.鈥�
However, a new EdWeek Research Center survey of teachers, principals, and school district leaders nationally found that schools often don鈥檛 put the same emphasis on teaching social-emotional skills in the high school years as they do in earlier grades.
Eighty-one percent of educators surveyed by EdWeek said their school placed 鈥渟ome鈥� or 鈥渁 lot鈥� of focus on social-emotional learning for grades 1-3. But only 66 percent said the same was true for grades 9-12.
In terms of how much focus educators think should be placed on SEL at various grade levels, 95 percent said schools should be focusing some or a lot on SEL in grades 1-3, while 86 percent said the same for the high school grades.
Dig into those numbers a little further, and a chasm opens up over how much educators think SEL should be emphasized in the upper grades. Sixty-seven percent of survey respondents said a lot of focus should be placed on SEL in grades 1-3, while only 47 percent said the same of the high school grades.
鈥業 Now Feel Included鈥�
Sunset is one high school in the Dallas district making a big investment in social-emotional learning. It鈥檚 a school of around 2,000 students, most of them Latino and low-income.
The school is in its first year of rolling out an SEL curriculum to students. It opted not to buy a specific SEL curriculum. Instead, teachers on the school鈥檚 SEL committee are devising lessons on topics pitched by their colleagues and students.
That means they鈥檝e done segments built around a range of issues pertinent to Sunset High students, from financial literacy to the detention centers on the Texas-Mexico border, said Christina Rodriguez, a former teacher at Sunset who is now administrative intern there as part of a school leadership program. Rodriguez is leading the adoption and development of SEL at the school.
Other weekly themes have included LGBTQ issues, in which students learned about the AIDS crisis and teachers led discussions about using homophobic language. That was a personal issue for junior Noah Macias, who is gay. He said he has noticed a decline in students鈥� use of homophobic slurs.
鈥淏efore, people were reckless in the things they would say; obviously [that] may not be how they actually feel, they just say it to get a buzz,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 know, personally, for me, hearing those words hurt a lot, I don鈥檛 like to be ostracized. I now feel included. It鈥檚 helped me gain confidence in classrooms.鈥�
Physics teacher Jacob Soto Ortiz spearheaded a series of social-emotional lessons on masculinity for all students during November, which is men鈥檚 health month.
鈥淚 think in Hispanic culture, there鈥檚 this thing where men are supposed to be strong, and not show emotions, and that those are mutually exclusive.鈥� he said. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a social stigma to it. You鈥檙e a guy! Man up, rub some dirt in it, 鈥� and that鈥檚 just a lifetime of not being able to release whatever you have inside of you.鈥�
The lessons鈥�15 minutes each day 鈥攊ncluded materials such as a video to watch or data on suicide rates among men and various ethnic groups, as well as discussion prompts.
One day, the exercise called for students to create motivational messages for men that teachers could post on the bulletin boards outside their classrooms. A selection says: 鈥淚t takes strength to admit weakness,鈥� 鈥淧ink is a boy color,鈥� and 鈥淚t鈥檚 OK that you gay.鈥�
Students Put Their Stamp on SEL
Sunset鈥檚 SEL initiatives extend beyond the daily exercises. The school is also trying to give students a greater say on how it is run.
It鈥檚 voting day at Sunset, and students are casting ballots for their favorite improvement-project proposals鈥攁ll of them ideas submitted by fellow students. The school has secured a $30,000 grant to pay for the projects that garner the most student votes.
Laptops and rolls of 鈥淚 voted鈥� stickers sit on two long tables at one end of the cafeteria. Along the wall, posters promote different projects up for a vote such as taking the 9th graders on a field trip to a university and beautifying an outdoor courtyard at the school.
Student volunteers, including Ginny Mendez, the student-body president, keep an eye on the voting stations as their peers cast ballots on the laptops.
鈥淚t鈥檚 really refreshing as a student body to get to vote for something that directly affects us,鈥� said Mendez, a senior.
She鈥檚 17 and looking forward to getting to vote in the Dallas Independent school district鈥檚 next school board election.
鈥淏ecause the people who are in charge right now鈥攖he trustees鈥攖hey haven鈥檛 been in school for a couple of years鈥攎any years, actually,鈥� Mendez said. 鈥淭hey only see test scores, they don鈥檛 see our actual experience.鈥�
Ultimately, the students will vote to spend the money on water bottle filling stations, repairs for broken band equipment, modernizing the school鈥檚 marquee, and a washer and dryer for students to use at school.
In a high school setting in particular, schools should use social-emotional learning to help drive students toward their academic and personal goals, said Brackett, the Yale professor.
Schools should be deliberate in getting students to think about what their goals are for high school鈥攚hether it be around getting certain grades or joining a specific club or team鈥攁nd what skills they need to acquire to achieve those goals, he said.
鈥淭he other piece I think is important for high school is it鈥檚 a state of development where students are highly introspective,鈥� Brackett said. 鈥淪o, a lot of what we do is we teach them to become more aware of their mindsets. What is my mindset around these things? 鈥� To be more aware of the strategies they are using to manage emotions and have them be the scientists around those strategies and to evaluate them in terms of their effectiveness.鈥�
High school is a crucial time to develop strong social-emotional skills because students will need them soon after they graduate鈥攚hether it鈥檚 from high school or college鈥攁nd enter the workforce, said Juany Valdespino-Gayt谩n, the Dallas district鈥檚 executive director of engagement services, which oversees social-emotional learning.
鈥淪ocial-awareness, self-management, how we share our own thoughts and opinions and respect those of others鈥攖hose are critical and those are not the skills that an employer wants to spend time teaching their adult employees,鈥� she said.
The High School Mindset
Sunset High鈥檚 focus on social-emotional learning is part of a bigger districtwide effort to infuse the teaching and building of those skills into its schools.
The district uses a phased approach for schools. In the introductory year, the district encourages schools to focus on the adults in the building and help them master the five core elements of social-emotional learning outlined by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, or CASEL: self-awareness, self-management, responsible decisionmaking, relationship skills, and social awareness.
It鈥檚 not until the second year that the district encourages schools to set aside time to explicitly teach SEL to students.
But to really do SEL right, it can鈥檛 just be relegated to a specific time of day or week, said Valdespino-Gayt谩n. SEL should be infused throughout the academic day.
鈥淚f we鈥檙e teaching safety during lab experiments, and we鈥檙e teaching students that it鈥檚 important to remember to put our goggles on, 鈥� then we make that connection with responsible decisionmaking,鈥� she said. 鈥淎nother might be social studies, if we鈥檙e talking about a historical figure ... and what did we learn about this historical figure and how he managed his emotions鈥� during a controversy.
The SEL lessons appear to be seeding themselves throughout the school, popping up in unexpected places. As she walks through the hallways, Rodriguez, the resident administrator, stops to marvel at a large bulletin board that鈥檚 been decorated by the cheer team.
In previous years, the board was more of a showcase of the cheer team, with photos of members doing stunts, said Rodriguez. But this year, the background field is covered in black paper. Posted on it are white pieces of paper on which the cheer team has written messages like: 鈥淚 don鈥檛 understand,鈥� 鈥淚t鈥檚 good enough,鈥� and 鈥淚 give up.鈥� Beneath each statement is a response on a brightly colored piece of paper鈥攜ellow, purple, hot pink鈥攕aying things like, 鈥淲hat am I missing?鈥� 鈥淚s this really my best work?鈥� and 鈥淭his may take some time and effort.鈥�
Across the top of the board, in multicolored-paper cutout letters, it says: 鈥淪unset Cheer says change your mindset.鈥�
