When Daymar Frank was in the 9th grade, his principal knew him as a feisty troublemaker who teased her about not making enough money to afford a nice car.
鈥淒aymar鈥檚 the reason I drive a Cadillac now,鈥� joked Quinhon Goodlowe, the principal of the Academy for College and Career Exploration in Baltimore.
So Ms. Goodlowe was a bit resistant when, at the end of his 10th grade year, Mr. Frank鈥檚 teachers recommended that the school train him as a peer mentor. But, two years later, the same tenacity that made the lanky teen talk back to adults his freshman year has made him a strong leader to his fellow students, she says.
Along with another senior, Mr. Frank leads a group of a dozen 9th graders in a program called Peer Group Connection, which is designed to aid in the transition to high school. Because he鈥檚 assertive and aware of his past mistakes, Mr. Frank isn鈥檛 afraid to ask group members about their grades or why they weren鈥檛 in class that day, he said. Every 9th grader in the school participates in Peer Group Connection. Some groups are led by students who are perhaps more predictable leaders, like student council members; others are led by students who are often overlooked for leadership roles.
Schools in Baltimore, New York City, New Jersey, and North Carolina have used the program鈥攃reated by the Princeton, N.J.-based Center for Supportive Schools鈥攖o boost attendance, academic persistence, and graduation rates.
At a time when schools are increasingly recognizing the important role social and emotional factors can play in academic success, leaders are wasting a valuable resource if they don鈥檛 enlist energetic students to help their peers, said Daniel F. Oscar, the president and chief executive officer of the Center for Supportive Schools.
鈥淚t becomes a very positive feedback loop where, by the act of helping the school out, that older student is in fact deepening his or her own education,鈥� Mr. Oscar said. 鈥淟eadership is increasingly something that we don鈥檛 only expect from the person who has the top title in an organization. It鈥檚 something we expect from everyone.鈥�
A study by researchers at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J. published in the Journal of Educational Research found that Peer Group Connection had notable success raising graduation rates for Latino males.
Promising Signs
In a randomized control study, researchers tracked four-year graduation rates for 268 participating students at a high-poverty, mid-Atlantic, urban high school that is not named in the study. Of the program鈥檚 participants, 77 percent graduated high school in four years, compared with 68 percent of their nonparticipating peers. Latino males in the experimental group had an 81 percent graduation rate, compared to 63 percent in the control group.
Peer Group Connection is more successful than some other peer-mentoring efforts because it is integrated into the school day, incorporates several meetings with students鈥� families to reinforce lessons and supports, and requires buy-in from principals and teachers before a school implements the program, the researchers wrote.
The program employs a 鈥渢rain the trainer鈥� model under which juniors and seniors complete a yearlong, credit-bearing leadership course where they practice group exercises and discussions. Older students also meet once a week with younger students to complete the exercises they practiced in class.
The class is led by teachers who received extensive training on the program, primarily through an 11-day course and a retreat with Center for Supportive Schools staff.
That training helps prepare teachers for a level of honesty they might not typically experience with students, said Sherry Barr, the vice president of the organization.
鈥淲hen they go through it themselves and experience what it means to them to break down some of those barriers, that鈥檚 a very powerful experience,鈥� Ms. Barr said. 鈥淭hey sort of leave transformed in the sense that they really want to have that experience with their students.鈥�
As those teachers work with peer mentors in training, those discussions鈥攐ften centered on experiences that can form hurdles for school completion and persistence鈥攃an be emotional.
On an April afternoon in Baltimore, peer leaders at the Academy for College and Career Exploration practiced how they would react to various text messages from peers, including nude photos and an angry message from a friend. Would they forward the photos to others? Would they respond to anger with anger?
鈥淜eep it real,鈥� teacher Candice Boone told senior Jada Davis, urging her to avoid simply telling adults in the room what she thought they鈥檇 want to hear about how she would respond to the hypothetical angry text message.
鈥淵ou know I am,鈥� Ms. Davis said, admitting that she 鈥渕ost likely would be going back and forth鈥� with her friend if she got such a message.
Students also discussed the way girls are bullied and teased if they send a nude photo to a boyfriend, only to have it circulating on social media the next day. It鈥檚 a side of students teachers don鈥檛 always see, Ms. Boone said.
鈥淐hildren have back stories,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e know this as teachers, but I don鈥檛 think we always fully digest this.鈥� Recently, Baltimore City Schools administrators visited the Academy for College and Career Exploration to observe a peer-group conversation. They were looking to see if the program could be successful in other schools.
A Useful Tool
In the 85,000-student district, about 20,000 students have missed more than a month of school, a problem that may be remedied in part through strong in-school supports, said Beshon Trusty-Smith, director of the office of attendance and truancy.
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg鈥檚 Interagency Task Force on Truancy, Chronic Absenteeism & School Engagement used Peer Group Connection as part of its multi-pronged effort to combat chronic truancy. Those efforts also included 鈥渞apid responses鈥� to every absence, usually a phone call home, to show students school leaders were paying attention; providing gift cards to places like Starbucks as incentives for improved attendance; and a citywide awareness campaign that included advertisements and wake-up calls recorded by celebrities.
Researchers from the Everyone Graduates Center at the Johns Hopkins University, who tracked the effects of the efforts between 2010 and 2013, found that students who were mentored through Peer Group Connection or through separate programs run by teachers and community members showed the greatest attendance gains. Chronically absent students, at a high risk for dropping out, were 52 percent more likely to remain in school the following year than equivalent comparison students who did not receive mentors, researchers found.
Researchers further reported that peer mentors were as effective at combating poor attendance as their adult peers.
Participating Baltimore schools have recognized peer leaders鈥� ability to lift attendance levels, said Ms. Goodlowe. At the Academy for College and Career Exploration, peer leaders check in with their 9th grade students after repeated absences, direct them to after-school programs if they are struggling with their grades, and even send them to the office if they are being disruptive during group sessions.
鈥淭hey are empowered to do what they need to do to get the results they need,鈥� Ms. Goodlowe said.
The Center for Supportive Schools hopes to do further research about the program鈥檚 effectiveness. The organization has applied for several federal research grants, including an Investing in Innovation grant, which would allow it to study multiple academic effects in racial and ethnic groups across nine New York City schools and several rural communities in North Carolina.
Ms. Goodlowe said she鈥檚 seen the effects of the program firsthand, both on 9th grade participants and on older students, who often surprise her by maturing as they fill leadership roles.
鈥淪tudents will rise to the challenge as long as you set it before them,鈥� she said.
