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Students who strongly agree that they have at least one teacher who makes them 鈥渇eel excited about the future鈥� and that their school is 鈥渃ommitted to building the strengths of each student鈥� are 30 times more likely than students who strongly disagree with those statements to show other signs of engagement in the classroom鈥攁 key predictor of academic success, according to a report released Wednesday by Gallup Education.
School leaders should not neglect the social and emotional factors that help students thrive, and they should empower teachers so that they are more engaged and effective in the classroom, says the 鈥淪tate of America鈥檚 Schools鈥� report, a synthesis of polling data and research from the international Gallup organization.
鈥淭he right leadership and the engagement of teachers and students are all one very important ecosystem,鈥� said Brandon H. Busteed, the executive director of Gallup Education, based in Washington. 鈥淎ny link broken in that chain, and you鈥檙e undermining the importance of an entire school.鈥�
The report comes as America鈥檚 schools are working to ratchet up educational expectations to better compete internationally, an emphasis of many state and federal education initiatives.
It also follows a ramping-up of student-engagement initiatives at the state and local levels through programs like service learning and new expectations for staff and students, said Jonathan Cohen, the president of the New York City-based National School Climate Center.
鈥淢any, many, many teachers, principals and superintendents have known for literally decades that if we don鈥檛 engage students to care about being in school, that鈥檚 going to get in the way of learning,鈥� he said.
鈥淥ne of the big problems with No Child Left Behind and even [the Common Core State Standards] is that we are only focused on students鈥� cognitive learning,鈥� Mr. Cohen added. 鈥淏ut we all know that emotions, how we feel about a person, topic or activity 鈥� that鈥檚 going to shape how much we want to be cognitively engaged in this task.鈥�
The stakes are high. In a 2013 Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll cited in the report, just 17 percent of respondents agreed that U.S. high school graduates are ready for work, and 29 percent agreed they are ready for college.
A broad focus on testing and new standards can lead schools to neglect the individualized social and emotional needs of students, the report鈥檚 authors say.
鈥淭hese elements are often overlooked in the effort to 鈥榝ix鈥� America鈥檚 education system, but there is growing recognition that unless U.S. schools can better align learning strategies and objectives with fundamental aspects of human nature, they will always struggle to help students achieve their full potential,鈥� the report says.
Gallup uses an annual 20-question survey, administered online to more than 600,000 students in districts that volunteered to participate, to determine how students view their school experiences. Participants answer each question on a scale of 1 to 5鈥攚ith 1 signifying they 鈥渟trongly disagree鈥� and 5 indicating they 鈥渟trongly agree.鈥�
Gallup uses responses from three clusters of questions to summarize responses.
From 鈥楽tuck鈥� to 鈥楬opeful鈥�
In questions related to hope, 54 percent of 2013 respondents were deemed 鈥渉opeful鈥� under the analysis, 32 percent were deemed 鈥渟tuck,鈥� and 14 percent were deemed 鈥渄iscouraged.鈥�
SOURCE: Gallup Education
In response to survey items related to engagement鈥攓uestions about friendships, a feeling of safety, praise for good work鈥攔esearchers classified 55 percent of students as 鈥渆ngaged,鈥� 28 percent as 鈥渘ot engaged,鈥� and 17 percent as 鈥渁ctively disengaged.鈥�
Emotional engagement at school is the noncognitive factor that most directly correlates with academic achievement, the report says.
In a 2009 Gallup study of 78,106 students in 80 schools across eight states, researchers found that a 1-percentage-point increase in a student鈥檚 score on the engagement index was associated with a 6-point increase in reading achievement and an 8-point increase in math achievement scores.
Mr. Busteed conceded that Gallup鈥檚 annual student survey is not a perfect representative sample of all U.S. students, but the large pool of participants is diverse and reflective of demographic trends, he said.
The new findings highlight how school leaders can influence students鈥� sense of engagement in learning, Gallup says.
Schools鈥� Role
In a finding described by the organization as highly significant, students surveyed in 2013 who said they strongly agreed with two statements鈥斺�淢y school is committed to building the strengths of each student,鈥� and 鈥淚 have at least one teacher who makes me excited about the future鈥濃�攚ere 30 times more likely to be classified as 鈥渆ngaged鈥� than students who strongly disagreed with those statements on the one-to-five scale.
To build engagement, districts should encourage students to discover and apply their strengths, Gallup says, and teachers should take a differentiated approach to building hope, focusing on what motivates each student as an individual.
Mr. Busteed provided the example of a 1st grade teacher he once saw on a school tour, who called out the first name and desired future occupation of each student as she called on the student to answer a question.
鈥淚t was a simple and powerful action,鈥� he said. 鈥淪he didn鈥檛 need to teach every student something different鈥攕he needed to spread different bits of motivation throughout the discussion.鈥�
Making Opinions Count
Gallup recommends that principals address teacher engagement to help students succeed.
Teachers鈥� engagement levels at work are similar to those of the general workforce, according to a 2012 Gallup poll of 70,000 U.S. employees, including 7,200 K-12 teachers. Gallup measures employee engagement through an index that incorporates responses to 12 questions related to feedback, encouragement, and support from supervisors in the workplace.
Researchers classified 31 percent of teachers as 鈥渆ngaged鈥� at work under that index, compared with 30 percent of respondents overall.
The share of workers described as 鈥渘ot engaged鈥� among teachers, however, was slightly larger than it was for the general workforce鈥�56 percent versus 52 percent. And, among all occupations tracked in the survey, teachers were the least likely to say that their opinions counted at work.
鈥淚f this is pointing toward any improvement we need to make, it鈥檚 in the improvement of the leadership of schools,鈥� Mr. Busteed said.
To build engagement among teachers, the report recommends that principals ask them questions about curriculum, pedagogy, and scheduling, and incorporate their feedback into decisionmaking. School leaders should also pair engaged administrators and teachers to collaborate and generate enthusiasm for student-centered projects, the report says. The authors also recommend removing disengaged teachers from the classroom for brief periods of continuing education.
JoAnn D. Bartoletti, the executive director of the National Association of Secondary School Principals, said the Gallup report validates that a 鈥渉ighly skilled principal is the linchpin to schoolwide success.鈥�
Principal behaviors that encourage collaboration and meaningful relationships 鈥渄on鈥檛 happen by chance,鈥� Ms. Bartoletti said in a written statement. 鈥淭hey emerge from a defined set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, which requires dedicated and ongoing development.鈥�
Ms. Bartoletti also called for additional federal funds for professional development for principals.
Message to the Public
A lack of public understanding of what happens in schools may also contribute to a weak school climate, Mr. Busteed said.
In the 2013 Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll, 36 percent of parents of public school students ranked a lack of financial support as the biggest problem their local schools must deal with. Among less common answers given, 4 percent answered that testing and regulations are the biggest problem, and 3 percent said the problem was difficulty finding good teachers.
Mr. Busteed said parents might not understand how educators interact with students on a daily basis, or how school policies affect what happens in the classroom.
A school climate that promotes academic achievement requires engaged students, empowered teachers, encouraging leaders, and a public to hold the system accountable, he said.
鈥淲hat most of the world thinks of as very soft measures are indeed great drivers of these [achievement] factors that we have focused on so much in education,鈥� Mr. Busteed said.
