A handful of prominent charter school networks that have won praise for their academic performance and unorthodox models are expanding to new parts of the country, in some cases after receiving recruiting pitches from state and local officials determined to bring proven operators into their communities.
Until now, organizations such as Aspire Public Schools and Rocketship Education, both headquartered in California, and BASIS Schools, Inc., of Arizona, which have been held up as worthy of emulation, have focused their work within their states鈥� boundaries.
But in recent months, those organizations and others have announced plans for incremental growth, the success of which could determine whether they venture into other cities and states in the years to follow.
The slow growth of those charter school operators underscores a sorting process in the charter schools community. Some states and cities have resolved to be selective in choosing the organizations they allow to take over struggling schools, or start new ones. Leaders of a number of highly regarded charter organizations, meanwhile, say they will only move to new locations that offer certain attributes鈥攕uch as favorable financial conditions, or a strong degree of independence.
鈥淗istorically, people who have tried to expand too quickly have failed,鈥� said John Danner, the chief executive officer of Rocketship Education, a California charter organization that plans to open its first out-of-state school, in Milwaukee, in the fall of 2013. 鈥淭he rate of expansion for most of us will be relatively cautious. We have to be pretty conservative about what we take on and make sure that we do it well.鈥�
Growth, Caution
The cautious migration of groups like Rocketship Education to new cities and states is occurring as the overall charter school sector continues to grow. Twenty years after the nation鈥檚 first charter school opened in Minnesota, the number of charter schools has steadily climbed from about 2,300 a decade ago to an estimated 5,600 today, serving approximately 2 million students.
Aspire Public Schools is one of the charter management organizations authorized by Tennessee鈥檚 Achievement School District, the state-run system designed to turn around the lowest-performing 5 percent of schools. BASIS Schools will open its first school outside the state this fall, in the District of Columbia. Another Arizona charter school, Carpe Diem, has committed to opening at least one school in Indiana, beginning this fall.
All of those other charter operators have won varying degrees of attention or acclaim for either their academic performance or organizational models. In addition to its schools scoring well on state tests, Rocketship Education has also drawn interest from policymakers for its spending practices. Rocketship students spend a portion of the day in 鈥渓earning labs,鈥� where students receive tailored instruction via computer. Those sessions are led by noncertified staff, an arrangement that Rocketship officials say allows them to save on overall personnel costs鈥攁n estimated $500,000 annually per school, compared with the costs of a traditional school. Those savings are channeled into other areas, including academic support for students, and higher salaries for teachers, the organization says.
A number of BASIS鈥� Arizona schools, meanwhile, have been named as some of the nation鈥檚 best in national reports, and its academic approach was held up as a model for other schools to emulate in a 2009 documentary film.
Aspire, which currently serves 12,000 mostly impoverished students at 34 schools across California, was one of a handful of high-performing charter management companies identified in a report this year by the Center on Reinventing Public Education, an independent research group at the University of Washington, and Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., of Princeton, N.J. The report linked those charter organizations鈥� success to effective coaching of teachers and other strategies.
Leaders of Tennessee鈥檚 Achievement School District invited Aspire and other charter operators that state officials deemed to be of high quality, including Rocketship Education, to apply to open schools, said Margo Roen, the ASD鈥檚 new schools director. The superintendent of the ASD, Chris Barbic, is the founder and former chief executive officer of YES Prep Public Schools, a Houston-based charter network, and he and other district officials were familiar with Aspire鈥檚 and Rocketship鈥檚 work, she noted.
The ASD is an effort supported through the state鈥檚 $500 million award in the federal Race to the Top competition. Nineteen eligible charter organizations, from in and out of state, have applied to open schools in the ASD so far, and seven have been approved. (Rocketship Education was also given state approval, but the organization has not yet decided on whether to expand to Tennessee, or to New Orleans and Indianapolis, where it has also been granted the right to operate, Mr. Danner said.)
ASD officials believed they had a strong case to make to charter organizations like Aspire, Ms. Roen said. The ASD will give charter operators both support and relative autonomy in their work serving disadvantaged, academically struggling populations, she said. And state legislators have recently approved new laws that ASD officials believe will appeal to charter schools, such as lifting the statewide caps on them, potentially giving them room to expand, she said.
鈥淭here is a need here,鈥� Ms. Roen said, and 鈥渢he conditions in Tennessee are ripe for educational change.鈥�
States, Cities Compete
Aspire was recruited by half a dozen states, either formally or informally, said James Willcox, the organization鈥檚 chief executive officer. It picked Tennessee for several reasons. The ability to work directly with the ASD, a state entity, was an appealing alternative to being overseen by local school districts, which might be wary of a charter operator competing with traditional public schools for funding and students, he said. Another attraction: Tennessee provides the ASD charters with the same level of funding as it does to traditional public schools, and it will get access to school buildings at no charge鈥攃onditions that do not exist in California, and many other states, Mr. Willcox added.
Tennessee is not the only state to have recently approved policies meant to help charters. Since the beginning of 2011, 23 states have passed new laws to either allow charters, ease caps on them, improve funding or access to facilities for them, or regulate them, according to the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, an advocacy group in Washington.
鈥淭he environment in other states for charters is becoming very welcoming,鈥� Mr. Willcox said, and those changes put 鈥淭ennessee on our list, and other states on other people鈥檚 lists.鈥�
Like Aspire, Rocketship Education is weighing opportunities for expansion carefully. The California charter operator has been courted by more than 30 cities, and some states, about opening charters, said Mr. Danner. Rocketship is wary of trying to work in multiple jurisdictions with very different charter policies, he said.
鈥淭he way we get leverage is by doing the same thing over and over again,鈥� Mr. Danner said, which would be impossible if the group faced 鈥渁 crazy quilt of regulations.鈥�
Rocketship has set a goal of raising $3.5 million in any new area it targets for expansion, to cover start-up costs, and it has met that goal in Milwaukee, Mr. Danner said. The organization was impressed with the interest shown in its work by Milwaukee school, business, and civic leaders, he said. The charter school organization鈥檚 suitors included Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett, who joined a group of Milwaukee officials who traveled to California to meet with Rocketship officials.
鈥淲e decided this was an opportunity we didn鈥檛 want to miss,鈥� said Abby Andrietsch, the executive director of Schools That Can Milwaukee, Inc., a nonprofit that worked on the recruitment effort. The idea was to focus on 鈥渙ne organization that was high quality, rather than focus on five or six of them at once.鈥�
The selectivity exercised by groups like Aspire and Rocketship is not surprising, said Andrew J. Rotherham, a co-founder and partner at Bellwether Education Partners, a nonprofit research and consulting organization, whose clients include charter operators. (One of Bellwether鈥檚 founders, Kim Smith, is on Rocketship鈥檚 board.) Established charters want to work in stable environments, and state-level authorizers, like the ASD, or Louisiana鈥檚 Recovery School District, are more likely to provide that than individual school districts are, he argued.
鈥淭hey want to be buffered from the short-term vagaries of politics,鈥� Mr. Rotherham said.
Learning From Experience
Many charter operators today, particularly nonprofits, have learned from the experiences of for-profit providers who, over the past 10 to 15 years, tried to expand quickly, with mixed success, said Todd Ziebarth, the vice president for state advocacy and support at the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, in Washington. The new providers鈥� caution, he said, is evident in the fact that many of them are starting by serving only a handful of grades, then gradually 鈥済row the culture of the school over time,鈥� by adding more grades.
Another charter operator making its first foray across state lines is Carpe Diem, a charter school based in Yuma, Ariz., that combines computer-based and in-person instruction. Carpe Diem is opening a school in Indianapolis this fall, and hopes to launch a total of six schools in Indiana over the next four years, said Rick Ogston, the school鈥檚 founder and CEO.
Over the past few years, Indiana has sought to make the environment more hospitable to charters by approving a number of policies, including those that encourage the growth of virtual charter schools, and require school districts to report unused school buildings, then make them available for lease or sale to charters for $1. Indiana state schools superintendent Tony Bennett visited Carpe Diem in Arizona last year, was impressed, and encouraged the group to apply to open a school in the Hoosier state, said a spokesman for the schools chief, Alex Damron. (Carpe Diem鈥檚 application was approved by the state鈥檚 charter board, and Mr. Bennett is not a member, the spokesman added.)
Each new Carpe Diem school typically requires about $1 million in start-up funds, Mr. Ogston said. He believes that Carpe Diem could establish a presence in a total of five more states within five years, but he wants to see what comes of its venture into Indiana first.
鈥淲e have a number of places asking us,鈥� said Mr. Ogston, who declined to name those suitors, but also said 鈥渆verything depends on the first launch.鈥�
Indiana officials should closely monitor the growth of charters, and virtual charters, to ensure quality, particularly since those traditional public schools lose funding when students go with online options, said Mark Shoup, a spokesman for the Indiana State Teachers Association. Many charter operators claim they can operate for less money than traditional public schools, but they need to show they can do it while providing adequate services, he argued.
鈥淭here are so many players coming into the state,鈥� Mr. Shoup said. The question, he said, is whether 鈥渢his is truly blended learning, or blended learning purely for the sake of reducing the number of teachers in the classroom?鈥�
Heading East
Another Arizona operator heading east is BASIS Schools, which will open its first out-of-state school in the District of Columbia this fall. Known for its broad, demanding curriculum, BASIS was highlighted three years ago in the documentary film, 鈥淭wo Million Minutes: A 21st Century Solution,鈥� which warned that the United States鈥� educational standing has slipped, and extolled the Arizona school鈥檚 academic model.
BASIS will initially serve students in grades 5-8 and then seek to expand. School officials have heard criticism from skeptics who question whether it will serve a racially and economically diverse population in the historically low-performing city. But BASIS officials respond that they aggressively promoted the school to families of potential students in neighborhoods across the district, and conducted tutoring for incoming students, to steel them for the academic demands to come.
In gaining approval in the District of Columbia, BASIS is in relatively select company. Over the past three years, the District鈥檚 charter school board approved just 12 of 42 applications to open charters. Seven of the approved operators were based in the District, and five were from outside the city.
The board recruits charter schools it deems to be high quality at conferences, and through phone calls and in-person visits, said Scott Pearson, the board鈥檚 executive director. Mr. Pearson, a former deputy in the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 office of innovation and improvement who began work in the District in January, noted that the District鈥檚 charter board is weighing new guidelines that would streamline the process for approving new charter operators that have proven records of success in other cities, another step that would appeal to top-quality providers, Mr. Pearson said.
BASIS considered expanding to at least three states before choosing the nation鈥檚 capital, said Michael Block, the school鈥檚 co-founder. Two advantages the District has over other possible locations: It does not require that charters use certified teachers, as long as educators meet other standards, and it allows them significant leeway in designing curricula鈥攁nd BASIS schools need that flexibility to operate, Mr. Block said. The District also offers BASIS something else, he added: visibility.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a place where we can draw attention to the BASIS model,鈥� Mr. Block said. 鈥淧eople ask me, why D.C., and I鈥檝e said, somewhat flippantly, 鈥楤ecause it is D.C.鈥欌��
