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After more than a year of heated campaigning, President Barack Obama remains in the White House, Democrats continue to control the U.S. Senate, and Republicans are still in charge of the House of Representatives鈥攍eaving unchanged a political landscape that has paralyzed congressional action on education policy and led the president to flex his muscles on K-12 issues.

Education advocates and state policymakers said last week they hope Washington can get beyond its differences and give states and districts assurances on such crucial matters as the future of K-12 funding and renewal of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.

鈥淭he lack of consensus coming out of Washington on [the ESEA and] budget issues is creating quite a bit of uncertainty at the state level,鈥� said Ronald Tomalis, the secretary of education in Pennsylvania, who was appointed by Gov. Tom Corbett, a Republican. 鈥淭he reality is that we may not be able to get an agreement between the executive branch and the legislative branch for a while.鈥�

Even before the newly re-elected president is inaugurated in January, Mr. Obama and the still-divided Congress face an important test: They must work together to craft a deal to reduce the budget deficit鈥攐r, if they fail, face automatic cuts in a broad array of federal programs, including many in the U.S. Department of Education.

Those reductions, aimed at prodding a long-term deficit-reduction plan, are to go into effect on Jan. 2, so averting them falls to President Obama and federal lawmakers in a planned lame-duck session of Congress later this year.

And the fiscal headaches don鈥檛 end there. Lawmakers must figure out a way to help stabilize the Pell Grant college-aid program, which faces a shortfall estimated at $7 billion, and head off a spike in interest rates on student loans, which are set to double to 6.8 percent next year.

Members of Congress also will be aiming to pass some half-dozen bills with implications for education policy, including the flagship ESEA, the Higher Education Act, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

Mr. Obama鈥檚 victory means that his team鈥攊ncluding U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, who has said he wants to stay on the job鈥攚ill continue implementing administration initiatives begun in the president鈥檚 first term.

They include Race to the Top, the grant program that rewards states and districts for embracing certain administration priorities intended to improve schools; Investing in Innovation, or i3, which scales up promising practices at the district level; and waivers given so far to 34 states and the District of Columbia to ease key provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act, the current version of the ESEA.

Fiscal Flash Point

Education funding emerged as a flash point during the presidential race, with Mr. Obama鈥檚 campaign warning of potentially dire cuts to special education and the Head Start early-childhood program, administered by the Department of Health and Human Services, if his Republican challenger, former Gov. Mitt Romney of Massachusetts, were to win.

Mr. Obama, however, did not promise that he would veto any final budget deal that included cuts to K-12. And so far, the administration has not detailed how it would like to handle the so-called 鈥渇iscal cliff鈥� resulting in part from the looming budget cuts and expiration of tax breaks enacted under President George W. Bush.

For their part, education advocates are urging the administration to try to spare education as much as possible in any final deal.

鈥淲e can鈥檛 just have arbitrary cuts,鈥� said Dennis Van Roekel, the president of the 3 million-member National Education Association, which assisted Mr. Obama鈥檚 re-election efforts. 鈥淵ou have to be surgical and [make decisions] that would have the least amount of impact on the students that need it the most,鈥� particularly those in poverty, he said.

U.S. Rep. John Kline, R-Minn., the chairman of the House Education and the Workforce Committee, said he expects that lawmakers will have to trim some programs, although he couldn鈥檛 say yet just how that could effect K-12 funding.

鈥淚t is apparent to me that there are going to have to be some spending cuts as we go forward, and I can鈥檛 predict to you now what those are going to be,鈥� he said after the Nov. 6 election.

Prospects for Policy

But Mr. Kline thinks Washington should try to protect special education funding. Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, the federal government has aspired to pick up 40 percent of the tab for the excess costs of serving students in special education, but has never come close to that.

鈥淢y preference is always to give the priority to special education funding and then work from there,鈥� Mr. Kline said.

And Rep. Kline hasn鈥檛 changed his stance on funding for President Obama鈥檚 high-profile competitive-grant programs: Race to the Top, i3, and the School Improvement Grant program, which offers states aid to turn around their lowest-performing schools.

House Republicans have tried to zero out funding for those programs, but the Democratic-controlled Senate and the administration have always restored that money. That trend could continue, as Democrats were able to bolster their majority in the Senate in last week鈥檚 elections, gaining two seats in the chamber, which now has 45 Republicans, 53 Democrats, and two Independents, both of whom are expected to caucus with the Democrats.

Both Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, the chairman of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee, and Rep. Kline say that renewing the ESEA will be a priority next year. Mr. Kline, for one, is not a fan of the administration鈥檚 waiver plan, which he says is no substitute for a full-fledged reauthorization of the law.

鈥淭he urgency in my mind is still there. We need to get legislation that will move us away from the unilateral actions of the administration,鈥� Rep. Kline said. 鈥淪tates who have requested and even been granted these waivers are not happy with them,鈥� in part because they are temporary.

Sen. Harkin worked with Sen. Michael B. Enzi, the top gop member on the Senate education panel, on a bill last year that got support from a small cluster of Republicans on the committee. The Kline and Harkin bills take vastly different approaches when it comes to school improvement, teacher evaluation, and competitive grants.

But, like the NCLB waivers, both bills would get rid of adequate yearly progress, or AYP鈥攖he accountability yardstick at the heart of the current law鈥攁nd give states much more leeway to intervene in most underperforming schools.

While that might seem like enough common ground to start from in building a bipartisan reauthorization, longtime Washington observers are skeptical.

鈥淚 just don鈥檛 see where the pressure is coming from,鈥� said Cynthia Brown, the vice president for education policy at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, an education group in Washington.

The administration, she said, has already helped give states some flexibility by granting the waivers. And she ticked off a long list of other issues that may jump in line ahead of K-12 education, including the economy, health care, and environmental policy.

鈥淚 think there will be noise, there may be hearings, but I don鈥檛 see it happening,鈥� she said of ESEA renewal.

Waiver Concerns

The course for the waivers has already been bumpy. Virginia had to redo its school performance targets鈥攁fter the federal government had already approved the methodology behind the numbers鈥攖hanks to a firestorm from civil rights groups.

In Washington, Rep. George Miller of California, the top Democrat on the House education committee, and a number of education advocates are increasingly alarmed by the small role graduation rates are playing in waivers鈥� accountability systems. And a handful of states have steered clear of the waivers altogether.

Lawmakers themselves seemed uncertain whether there could be a new era of bipartisanship.

鈥淚 think both sides will probably still stick to principles. I certainly expect that to be the case on our side of the aisle,鈥� Mr. Kline said.

But he added: 鈥淭here is pressure to get stuff done, and maybe that pressure will help us come together.鈥�