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Nearly 25 years after New Jersey first took control of a troubled school district, a proposed state takeover of the Camden public schools sheds a critical spotlight on that state鈥檚 long鈥攁nd still mostly unsuccessful鈥攔ecord of trying to right struggling districts through such intervention.

New Jersey enacted the nation鈥檚 first state-takeover law in 1987, and 28 states have since followed suit, according to Kenneth Wong, a professor of urban education at Brown University.

The state began running the public schools in Jersey City in 1989; in Paterson in 1991; and in Newark, the state鈥檚 largest district, in 1995. None of those districts is completely free of state control yet, and lawsuits from school boards in Paterson and Newark contend the state has not followed procedures for relinquishing control.

Though the situation is different in each district, it is widely agreed that the academic performance in the state-run districts has not improved notably after years of state control.

鈥淭here鈥檚 a policy question here,鈥� for New Jersey and other states experimenting with takeovers, said Mr. Wong. 鈥淥ften the takeovers produce improvement in test scores immediately, and then it levels off. The question is: Why do they get stuck?鈥�

鈥業mmoral鈥� Not to Act?

The move for a takeover of the Camden system, announced in March by Gov. Chris Christie and education Commissioner Christopher Cerf, cites what state leaders argue is an obligation to act.

Mr. Christie, a Republican, said that the dire situation in the school system means that not taking over the district would be 鈥渋mmoral.鈥� Camden is home to 20 of the lowest-performing schools in the state, and it has an on-time high school graduation rate under 50 percent.

The district has also been plagued by budget problems: The current Camden school board just laid off 200 employees.

鈥淎ccording to our state constitution, the state has the ultimate responsibility to ensure a thorough and efficient education, and must step in if a district does not meet its obligation,鈥� said Justin Barra, the chief policy and external- affairs officer at the state education department.

The department says its plans for Camden and its approach to running the state-controlled districts in general will be more effective than those of past administrations. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not just about who is in charge鈥攊t鈥檚 about what you do with that power,鈥� Mr. Barra said.

But community members in other districts run by the state are skeptical of its role in their own districts and its ability to improve the Camden schools.

鈥淚鈥檓 concerned that the citizens of Camden not be fooled into thinking the state will do a better job with their schools than they can do if they get organized, and stay organized and committed to improving their schools,鈥� said Antoinette Baskerville-Richardson, the president of the school board in Newark.

Board members from all three state-run districts met together last month to discuss plans to regain local control of their schools.

Support in Camden

In April, the mayorally appointed school board in Camden voted not to challenge the takeover. The Camden board will not be disbanded, as the boards in Paterson, Newark, and Jersey City initially were, but will remain intact in an advisory role, under the state鈥檚 takeover plan.

That lack of local board opposition to state control is unusual nationally, said Mr. Wong. 鈥淭his may be a new model of state takeover,鈥� he said; the question is, 鈥渃an [the state] then leverage the support from the local level to actually make this work?鈥�

The takeover proposal for Camden goes to the state board of education this week, and if it is approved, the state will take the reins late this month. Meanwhile, a search for a new superintendent is ongoing, Mr. Barra said.

A state-run Regional Achievement Center already oversees some particularly low-performing schools in the district, and a state monitor oversees some spending decisions.

The state also authorizes charter schools, including nine in Camden. The Knowledge Is Power Program, or KIPP, for instance, is slated to begin running new schools serving 2,800 Camden students beginning with the 2014-15 school year.

A full state takeover could pave the way for bigger changes in Camden, although the state has not yet laid out any clear plan publicly.

Some have suggested that Camden could become an all-charter or radically restructured district.

鈥淐amden is quite small, and there are some really high-quality operators in New Jersey,鈥� said Neerav Kingsland, the director of New Schools for New Orleans, which supports and invests in charter schools in that city.

But Camden presents particular challenges, too, said Gordon MacInnes, the president of New Jersey Policy Perspective, a nonprofit policy-research organization in Trenton.

鈥淵ou have one of the poorest and most violent cities in the United States. ... That should be reflected in your takeover,鈥� he said. 鈥淎nd you ought to acknowledge鈥攚e didn鈥檛 do a great job in the other three, and this is a much harder, steeper, slipperier slope.鈥�

New Attitude

The state education department is not traditionally made up of people who have experience running districts, said Mr. MacInnes, who was an assistant education commissioner for urban education programs from 2002 until 2007, under Democratic governors.

Taking over a district means 鈥渢he state takes on a big burden it is not equipped to deal with,鈥� he said.

But, 鈥渋n the Christie administration, they鈥檝e pushed that beyond just the employment of the superintendent,鈥� Mr. MacInnes said. 鈥淭hey have a more agenda-driven partnership between the commissioner and superintendent than was true in any of the previous administrations.鈥�

Paul L. Tractenberg, the founder of the Education Law Center, the public-interest law firm that filed Newark鈥檚 suit against the state, and a law professor at Rutgers Law School in Newark, agreed. He said that while previous governors鈥� administrations had been eager to return districts to local control, now 鈥渘ot only isn鈥檛 there a desire to re-establish local control, there鈥檚 a desire to retain state operation in order to implement or experiment with a certain education reform agenda.鈥�

Mr. Barra said the state education agency鈥檚 approach would be more effective than those of past administrations 鈥渂ecause of this administration鈥檚 track record.鈥�

He cited Newark, which has brought in 30 new principals and implemented a new teacher contract this year, as a place where the efforts of Cami Anderson, the newest state-appointed superintendent, are showing promise.

Renee Harper, a spokeswoman for the Newark schools, said: 鈥淭he state has done no better than the locals did. But we鈥檝e made huge gains in creating the conditions for success.鈥�

The state鈥檚 record in Newark is not without detractors, however. This spring, Newark鈥檚 school board voted to rename itself as a full board, rather than an advisory board, and voted no confidence in Superintendent Anderson.

Christopher Irving, the president of the Paterson school board, said that with all the attention paid to Newark, issues in the Paterson system often seemed to slip beneath the state鈥檚 radar.

鈥淭he state doesn鈥檛 have the capacity to govern [districts] in the three cities, and they鈥檙e trying to expand to four,鈥� he said.

As in other states where the state has taken control of districts, including Michigan, there are concerns that the targeted districts are predominantly minority.

鈥淭here are low-performing districts that aren鈥檛 predominantly black and brown,鈥� Mr. Irving said, suggesting the apparent disparity naturally raises questions.

Regaining Control

The process of returning New Jersey districts to local control has, likewise, been contentious.

Mr. Tractenberg said the original takeover law 鈥渉adn鈥檛 especially contemplated how to get out.鈥� Districts were initially supposed to return to local control once they were certified by a state process, he said.

A 2007 law allowed state-run districts to regain control of areas in which they have scored at least an 80 on a state accountability scale and demonstrated that their growth is 鈥渟ustainable.鈥�

The Jersey City system has regained control of governance and fiscal matters through those provisions, and Newark鈥檚 board now controls operations in its district.

Both Newark and Jersey City have scored above 80 in some categories that have not yet been reassigned to the local school boards. What鈥檚 more, it can be unclear what having control of, for instance, operations but not personnel actually looks like, said the board presidents.

In Jersey City, the local board has regained governance, and it recently selected Marcia V. Lyles to be the district superintendent. But even there, said board President Suzanne T. Mack, it鈥檚 been unclear who controls what and when the state鈥檚 role would shift.

Whether or not the local authorities regain governance, the state is still responsible for much of the budget in the takeover districts.

In Jersey City, for instance, 鈥渨e have a $660 million budget鈥�$540 million comes from the state,鈥� Ms. Mack said. 鈥淲hen we say, do we want the state to leave, we don鈥檛 want them to leave and take our money.

鈥淚t should be, in a perfect world, a partnership between state, city, and school board.鈥�