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Civic engagement is the oil that keeps the gears of democracy working. But what exactly are the behaviors of an engaged citizen?

Understanding other points of view, solving problems collaboratively, and building relationship skills may all come to mind.

For many educators, those skills will sound familiar, because they鈥檙e many of the same taught through social-emotional learning.

Not only are the skills cultivated through social-emotional learning the same behaviors that power civic engagement, but the reverse is also true: Civic engagement can be a meaningful way to teach and reinforce social and emotional skills.

That鈥檚 especially true for middle and high schoolers who are searching for their place in their communities and the world and might not otherwise connect with traditional social-emotional lessons, said Jenna Ryall, the director of Civics for All, an initiative of the New York City department of education to promote civic engagement in the city鈥檚 schools.

鈥淸Civics] is relatable. It鈥檚 a practical application of social-emotional learning,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 think that is the best way to teach social-emotional learning鈥攊f [students] can see how it鈥檚 applied beyond the classroom walls, if they can see how it鈥檚 improving their interpersonal skills, if they can see how it鈥檚 allowing them the opportunity of using their voice, if they can see the results of co-creating the school community with the adults around them and the respect they are getting as a co-creator of those things.鈥�

Civic engagement is much more expansive than just voting. It includes volunteering, advocacy, and really anything to do with people coming together to solve their communities鈥� problems, including those in school communities.

A democracy can鈥檛 function properly without the participation of its people, and school is the perfect place for students to learn these skills, dispositions, and habits, said Rebecca Winthrop, a senior fellow and the co-director of the Center for Universal Education at the Brookings Institution, a Washington think tank. In many parts of the country, schools may be the only avenue for students to develop their civic muscle.

Researchers estimate that 30 percent of urban youth and 60 percent of rural youth live in what鈥檚 been described as 鈥渃ivic deserts,鈥� said Winthrop. These are communities where there are few resources or opportunities鈥攕uch as youth programming, culture and arts groups, and religious congregations鈥攆or youth to be civically active.

Nationally, civic engagement has been on the decline for years.

鈥淚 am very worried about evaporating civic disposition among large swaths of the adult population and I鈥檓 worried about what effect that is having on children,鈥� said Winthrop. 鈥淣o one is modeling this to them.鈥�

One doesn鈥檛 have to look any further than a number of recent school board meetings across the country where community members have made threats to board members over masking policies, to see the value of well-developed social-emotional skills to civic life.

Giving students a say in how schools are run and opportunities to work together to solve problems are ways that schools can help students hone their social, emotional, and civic skills.

鈥楽tudents know best鈥� on bettering their communities

In New York City, the Union Square Academy for Health Sciences is doing this by giving students the chance to decide how some school improvement funding is spent.

Through the New York City department of education鈥檚 Civics for All program鈥攚hich was designed to augment its traditional civics education with civic-engagement opportunities鈥攕chools can sign up to receive school improvement funding. But there鈥檚 a catch: The students decide how the money is spent.

Students work individually or in teams to propose improvement projects, and students and teachers vote on their favorite proposal.

The first year the Union Square Academy, which serves a high number of low-income families, took part in the participatory budget program it was awarded around $2,000, said David Edelman, who teaches social studies at the school. The winning proposal was for new water fountains.

Edelman had been discussing with his students the news that there were high levels of lead in the school鈥檚 drinking water. The old water fountains had long fallen into disrepair and were hardly used, he said.

鈥淚 feel like students know best how to better their communities and better their schools; they just need the impetus, the support, and the resources to run with it and to develop those solutions,鈥� said Edelman, whose students are primarily Hispanic, Black, and Asian.

They are learning how to action-plan, make a case for a cause, mobilize their peers, and build consensus, Edelman said.

The participatory budget program is very similar to one offered by the city government, so students are learning how to navigate a process that they can use after they graduate to drive improvements in their broader communities.

鈥淲e have the right to have a say in how our school functions,鈥� said Brisa Pereyra, a senior at Union Square.

She was a sophomore when the proposal for new water fountains went up for a vote. Brisa remembers waiting in long lines to get water from bottles and her excitement when she saw the proposal to install new water fountains.

In the last couple years at her school, Brisa has become very involved in her school and local community. She鈥檚 part of her school鈥檚 Key Club where she has helped raise money for hurricane relief and written letters to nursing home residents and children at St. Jude Children鈥檚 Research Hospital. She鈥檚 tutored Ukrainian students in English. She spoke at forums and on roundtables about climate change, youth civic engagement, and voting. And she鈥檚 joined in the climate protests led by Greta Thunberg, the teenage environmental activist from Sweden. Brisa credits her teacher, Edelman, for encouraging her to get involved and pointing students to different opportunities.

Brisa said she has learned that she can have a say in what happens in her community and doesn鈥檛 have to just wait for things to happen.

鈥淚鈥檓 learning to be prepared for other points of view. In the past, I have had trouble accepting what other people think,鈥� Brisa said, 鈥渁nd learning to accept what other people think and learn from it, so I can have a better discussion for the next time.鈥�

In a second round of participatory budget funding prior to the pandemic, students voted to install automatic hand-sanitizer dispensers around the building and automatic flushing toilets in the restrooms.

When Ryall, the director of Civics for All, sees what students participating in the program are doing, she sees them developing the core social-emotional-learning competencies, such as self-awareness, as defined by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, or CASEL.

鈥淲ith self-awareness, civics is asking students to consider the issues they care about, consider how they are impacted by their community, and understand themselves as part of and responsible to society,鈥� Ryall said. 鈥淲hen you talk about social awareness, you have kids considering the community they are a part of, its assets, its deficits, its needs, what it cares about.鈥�

Students further fine-tune their relationship and responsible decisionmaking skills when they have to work together to come up with a proposal that will bring the largest benefit possible to the entire school community, she said.

The social and emotional skills students are learning鈥攁s well as the idea that they have a voice and agency鈥攁re the precursors to voting in adulthood, said Deborah Rivas-Drake, a professor of psychology and education at the University of Michigan who has been studying how SEL can support civic development and capacity in middle schoolers.

鈥淓ven if it doesn鈥檛 lead to activism, that sense of ... shared ownership of a community is an important thing for children to have,鈥� she said. 鈥淭hat would be one of the reasons teachers might develop class rules together [with their students].鈥�

That is especially important for students who may otherwise conclude that their voice doesn鈥檛 matter.

鈥淟arger society often signals to some youth that their communities are regarded as not having as much value,鈥� said Rivas-Drake. 鈥淪o it is important [for youth] to cultivate ownership for themselves in order to advocate for resources later on.鈥�

Giving students a say in how school is run is a key part of creating a school environment that promotes social and emotional learning. When students have more agency over their school lives, it helps them tackle some of the big questions they鈥檙e facing in the middle and high school years around identity, what matters to them, and their place in the world, said Melissa Schlinger, the vice president of programs and practice at CASEL.

Most schools give students at least some opportunity to take on leadership and decisionmaking roles in their schools, according to a survey of students in grades 6-12 by the EdWeek Research Center. But the extent varies to which students are able to really flex their civic muscle and feel confident in their abilities to work with other students to solve problems.

There appears to be a link between schools that have a strong focus and commitment to social-emotional learning and how active students are in their community. In a 2018 report, which included survey data of high school students and young adults, CASEL compared students from schools it labeled as 鈥渟trong SEL鈥� schools鈥攚here students reported there were positive school climates and relationships and feelings of safety and agency鈥攚ith 鈥渨eak SEL鈥� schools.

Fifty-seven percent of students and young adults from schools with a strong foundation of social-emotional learning said that they regularly volunteered in their community, compared with 28 percent of students from weaker SEL schools. Furthermore, 77 percent of current high school students from strong SEL high schools said they would participate in full-time military, national, or public service for their community or country, compared with 62 percent of students from weak SEL schools.

There are many ways schools throughout the country can create more opportunities to hone students鈥� social and emotional skills through engaging them in their school and local communities, in addition to such initiatives as New York鈥檚 participatory budget program.

Schools can recruit student members to staff leadership teams addressing issues like school improvement or equity and diversity. They can encourage student-led advocacy around issues they care about. And schools can get students鈥� input on school climate, academic engagement, and relationships with adults and other students through surveys.

Schools can also have students examine the results and figure out ways to solve problems exposed by the data, said Schlinger of CASEL.

鈥淲e want to give kids opportunities to develop agency and a sense of belonging,鈥� she said. 鈥淭he sense of belonging is helpful because you want to create that safe space where kids can do that exploration and can feel connected to each other and feel safe and eager to engage in the learning.鈥�

Data analysis for this article was provided by the EdWeek Research Center. Learn more about the center鈥檚 work.