鈥淰alue added鈥� gauges based on growth in student test scores and students鈥� perceptions of their teachers both hold promise as components of a system for identifying and promoting teacher effectiveness, according to preliminary findings from the first year of a major study.
The , released today by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, shows that teachers鈥� value-added histories strongly predicted how they would perform in other classrooms or school years鈥攁s did students鈥� perceptions of their teachers鈥� ability to maintain order in the classroom and provide challenging lessons.
The findings are part of the Seattle-based foundation鈥檚 $45 million . The project seeks to identify the most accurate measures of superior teaching. (鈥淢ulti-City Study Eyes Best Gauges of Good Teaching,鈥� Sept. 2, 2009.)
While underscoring the preliminary nature of the findings, Gates officials said they were heartened to see that some of the measures being studied do appear predictive of good teaching.
鈥淚 was hugely excited and encouraged鈥� by the findings, said Vicki Phillips, the foundation鈥檚 director of education programs. 鈥淚t has implications for what people can be doing right now. It begins to answer questions teachers have had. And I think it shows that valid teacher feedback doesn鈥檛 need to be limited to test scores alone.鈥�
Among its education philanthropy, the Gates Foundation provides grant support to 澳门跑狗论坛, the publisher of 澳门跑狗论坛.
Complex Studies
The preliminary findings are based on data from five of the six districts participating in the study. They are New York City; Charlotte-Mecklenburg, N.C.; Hillsborough County, Fla; Dallas; and Denver.
A team of researchers directed by Thomas J. Kane, the foundation鈥檚 deputy director of research and data for its education program, analyzed student scores on state tests given in grades 4-8 in the 2009-10 school year, using value-added modeling.
Such modeling purports to control for a student鈥檚 past performance and other factors so that learning gains can be attributed to specific teachers.
The researchers also analyzed student-perception data gathered from 2,519 classrooms, grades 4-8. Those data were gathered by using the Tripod survey instrument, developed by Harvard University researcher Ron Ferguson, in which students score teachers on a 1-to-5 scale on such aspects as whether teachers make the point of their lessons clear, are caring and considerate of students, and explain material in several different ways.
The analysts found that, in every grade and subject studied, teachers鈥� value-added histories were strongly predictive of their performance in other classrooms. While they found a degree of volatility in the estimates from year to year, that volatility 鈥渋s not so large as to undercut the usefulness of value-added as an indicator of future performance,鈥� the study says.
Similarly, the researchers found that student perceptions of a given teacher were generally consistent across his or her classes, and that students gave high ratings to teachers whose classes consistently made learning gains.
Certain strands of the Tripod instrument were particularly well correlated with the value-added results: Student perceptions of teachers鈥� ability to manage a classroom and provide challenging academic content were strongly linked to those teachers鈥� ability to raise scores.
One of the study鈥檚 findings appears to challenge the conventional wisdom that teachers can boost scores by 鈥渢eaching to the test.鈥�
The analysis found that the value-added estimates of teacher effectiveness held up even when students were given supplemental tests with harder tasks than those on the state tests, including conceptual questions and open-ended writing tasks. Meanwhile, student reports of classes spent heavily on test preparation were generally weak predictors of teachers鈥� ability to raise scores.
Combining Results
The value-added findings, in particular, come in the midst of a divisive debate in the K-12 field about whether such methods should count in a teacher鈥檚 evaluation.
In a series of recent reports, statisticians and test experts have lined up on both sides of that issue. Critics say the valued-added methods are opaque and too error-prone to be used in teacher evaluation, while proponents say they can lend objectivity and clarity to such evaluations when combined with other measures.
The Gates Foundation鈥檚 findings on student perceptions, in the meantime, raise new questions for states and districts about factors that could be considered in teacher evaluations. Spurred by federal grant programs, some states have moved toward including teacher observations and even value-added methods in evaluations. Far fewer, however, are considering student-perception data.
One of the benefits of the student ratings, the report says, is that they鈥檙e not limited to certain grades or subjects, as testing data generally are.
So far, the study also appears to support the notion, advocated by teachers鈥� unions and others, that evaluations should be based on multiple measures. The analysis concludes that combining both sources of information鈥攙alue-added and student results鈥攜ielded a more finely grained estimate of teacher effectiveness than using the student-perception information alone.
鈥淭eachers have been saying that they鈥檙e not opposed to the performance-based aspects of evaluation if they had measures that were fair, respectful, and multiple,鈥� said the Gates Foundation鈥檚 Ms. Phillips. 鈥淭his shows that you can put multiple measures together in a way that honors great teaching.鈥�
Findings to Come
One key area not yet studied is the accuracy of teacher-observation ratings on a variety of different teaching frameworks. The foundation鈥檚 research partners are still collecting and scoring videotaped observations of some 13,000 lessons in 2009-10 as part of that effort.
Other measures under study include teachers鈥� pedagogical content knowledge and their perceptions of their working conditions. Those are important factors for study, the report says, because they provide crucial information to teachers about how to get better at their craft.
The most immediate beneficiaries of the information are the four districts and one charter school network participating in the Gates Foundation鈥檚 $290 million Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching grants. Hillsborough County; Memphis, Tenn.; Pittsburgh; and five charter networks in Los Angeles are overhauling their teacher-development and -compensation systems with the funding, and will be expected to tailor their plans based on the study鈥檚 findings.
Gates officials plan to release a second report next spring as the research project moves into its second year. It will also begin to examine the results of an experiment, already under way, to gauge student performance when students are randomly assigned to teachers identified as being more or less effective.
Final results will be released in the winter of 2011-12.
鈥淭hings we鈥檝e intuitively known, or thought about, or wished for about teacher effectiveness鈥攖here鈥檚 now some empirical evidence that they are valid,鈥� Ms. Phillips said.
