A new national study on the effectiveness of networks that operate charter schools finds overall that their middle school students鈥� test scores in reading, mathematics, science, and social studies aren鈥檛 significantly better than those of students in regular public schools.
The average results varied widely: Students in some charter networks managed three years of growth in two years; in others, students tested a year behind grade level after a year or two in the program.
The findings from the research group and the at the University of Washington Bothell underscore the point that being run by a charter-management organization, or CMO, isn鈥檛 a predictor of an individual school鈥檚 or student鈥檚 success, and that CMOs cannot be lumped together as being effective or ineffective. Previous studies have shown the same about individual charters.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 think there鈥檚 any doubt some of the CMOs have done a great job,鈥� said Thomas Toch, a Washington writer and policy expert who writes extensively about CMOs. 鈥淏ut it doesn鈥檛 mean that every CMO is going to be successful. That鈥檚 the clear message here. It suggests just how hard creating good new schools is, and how hard it is to scale networks with even very good schools.鈥�
The study made public last week is part of long-running project by Mathematica, of Princeton, N.J., and the Center on Reinventing Public Education. It involved 40 CMOs with 292 schools in 14 states; all of the management groups were nonprofits that controlled at least four schools and had at least four schools open in the fall of 2007.
The researchers focused on charter-management organizations to explore whether that model could be effective for scaling up the successes of individual charter schools. Charters receive public funding but are free of many of the rules governing regular public schools.
CMOs exist in part to address the unevenness in quality from charter to charter, said Robin Lake, the associate director of the Center on Reinventing Public Education. 鈥淭here was a real question about 鈥楢re CMOs helping to improve quality of charters overall?鈥� 鈥�
And the answer, she said, is that they haven鈥檛 had a significant positive effect as a group. Being a CMO is not a guarantee of quality. 鈥淵ou never can escape the work of replicating what works.鈥�
The study also found that some practices associated with charter schools run by management organizations were particularly effective and others were less so. Comprehensive behavior policies鈥攊ncluding zero-tolerance policies, specific behavior codes with rewards and sanctions, and 鈥渃ontracts鈥� with students or their parents about behavior鈥攚ere identified as having a positive effect on students鈥� math and reading scores.
Also, charter-management organizations that provide intensive coaching of teachers, including frequent reviews of lesson plans and observation, appeared to boost student achievement.
Researchers also explored how quickly those organizations grew, whom the schools served, the resources they used, and what influenced their growth.
The report does not disclose the names of the networks involved in the study. They were guaranteed anonymity for participating.
One finding from the three-and-a-half-year-long project is that the CMOs serve a disproportionately large number of black, Hispanic, and low-income students鈥攅ven more so than the districts in which they operate鈥攂ut fewer students with disabilities and English-language learners.
The study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Walton Family Foundation, with project management assistance from the nonprofit NewSchools Venture Fund, which invests in charter schools and other educational innovations. (Gates also provides support for organizational capacity-building to 澳门跑狗论坛, the nonprofit publisher of 澳门跑狗论坛.)
Nationwide, about 130 CMOs serve some 250,000 students. They account for the operation of about one in five of the 5,000 charter schools in the country, an increase from 12 percent in 1999.
Joshua Haimson of Mathematica, the project director of the CMO studies, said examining the work of CMOs 鈥渁llows us to answer two important questions: To what extent have CMOs been effective at expanding educational models, and how have they done that?鈥�
To gauge charter networks鈥� success at promoting student achievement, the researchers compared charter school students鈥� performance with the achievement of students at nearby district-run schools, and in some cases, with independently run charters. The researchers looked at gains in the test scores of individual students from a year before they entered the CMO schools to up to three years after they entered school and compared those gains to data from a group of students who resembled them in the school districts nearby.
Of the 40 CMOs in the study, data from 22 were complete enough to be used in this portion of the report. Two years after students enrolled, students at 11 of the 22 did significantly better in math while a third did significantly worse. In 10, students had positive effects in reading, while at six, there were negative results.
Because some CMOs were able to advance students three grade levels in two years, their methods have the potential to close achievement gaps, Mr. Haimson said. Larger networks of charter schools generally did better at improving student achievement than smaller ones.
Looking Under the Hood
In addition to behavior policy and teacher coaching, the researchers examined features often found in network charter schools, including their use of additional instructional time, performance-based pay for teachers, and the use of frequent formative assessments.
At first, additional time offered at some CMO-run schools appeared to influence student performance, but digging deeper, the researchers determined it was the teacher coaching and behavior policies that were the actual drivers, Mr. Hamison said.
Schoolwide behavior strategies by some CMO schools include setting behavior standards and signed responsibility agreements, but schools also said they had more flexibility than district principals in defining the details of all behavior policies.
Teacher coaching included more-frequent observation of teachers and more feedback to teachers from those observations, as well as frequent reviews of teachers鈥� lesson plans. CMO schools were more likely than nearby public school systems to base teachers鈥� pay on student test scores and teacher observations than on seniority and education.
While behavior policy and teacher coaching emerged as definitive ways to improve student achievement, the other practices shouldn鈥檛 be discounted, said Ms. Lake. Nor should those strategies be considered surefire on their own.
鈥淭he takeaway shouldn鈥檛 be, if you just plug in a good behavior policy, you鈥檙e going to see good results,鈥� Ms. Lake said.
Something researchers couldn鈥檛 measure was the power of the high expectations for students鈥� behavior at some schools. The 鈥渘o excuses鈥� model, associated in particular with the Knowledge Is Power Program, or , network of charter schools, seemed to matter, Ms. Lake said.
Spending Varies
The study also looked at how much CMOs spend per student compared with regular schools. Spending in the charters studied ranged from $5,000 per student to $20,000 a year, including public money and funds from private philanthropy, variations widely attributed to state funding formulas. CMO schools tend to be much smaller than schools in their host districts, and their pupil-teacher ratios are marginally lower.
鈥淲e need to collect the data to see what鈥檚 going well and what鈥檚 not,鈥� said James Willcox, the chief executive officer of Aspire Public Schools, a California network of charter schools with more than 12,000 students in kindergarten through 12th grade. 鈥淭he big finding here is that the practices of CMOs are really powerful: The highest-performing CMOs are getting three years of gains in only two years of school.鈥� Although the study does not disclose whether his schools were involved in the study, they meet the researchers鈥� criteria.
The researchers plan to do a similar report on high schools in charter networks and produce a series of briefs on best practices for CMOs when their work is complete.
The mixed results of the research provide an important lesson for school boards and other agencies that approve new charter schools, said Alex Medler, the vice president of research and evaluation for the Chicago-based , who said he welcomed the report.
鈥淵ou don鈥檛 want all CMOs if you鈥檙e an authorizer,鈥� he said. 鈥淭here are some that are really good. A few of them aren鈥檛 very good.鈥�
That leads to a larger conclusion about school reform, said Mr. Toch, who is also a former reporter and editor for 澳门跑狗论坛.
鈥淐MOs as a strategy are only one piece of the school improvement puzzle,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think we can expect to see thousands of truly game-changing schools from the CMO movement,鈥� even though such networks as KIPP, Aspire, and are growing and have shown success.
Mr. Toch said it may be more useful to consider more projects like one the Gates Foundation is working on to connect high-achieving CMOs with school districts to share best practices: 鈥淭hat offers an opportunity to scale things up.鈥�
