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Michigan and Louisiana are two of the latest states to lift enrollment caps at virtual charter schools鈥攁 move applauded by supporters, who see such caps as arbitrarily restrictive, but observed warily by those who view the policy moves as yet another sign that the push for online education is moving faster than measures to evaluate its success.

In response to more than 4,200 applications for the 2011-12 school year, the Louisiana state school board this past March doubled the enrollment cap at the tuition-free to 1,000 students for 2012-13, higher than the original planned increase from 500 to 750.

In May, Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder signed legislation that included raising the maximum number of students allowed at each of the state鈥檚 cyber charter schools鈥攖he new law also permits up to 15 to operate鈥攆rom 1,000 to 10,000 over the next three years.

In 2011, after tenacious protests from the Wisconsin Coalition of Virtual School Families, that state eliminated a cap that since 2008 had limited enrollment in virtual charter schools to 5,250 statewide. The change gave thousands of students on waiting lists the opportunity to participate.

The lifting of enrollment caps is still happening unevenly around the country, and teachers鈥� unions and others continue to object that virtual schools snatch funding from regular public schools. But the cap issue has gained traction in recent years. And it has garnered even more attention with the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 Race to the Top grant program, which has given states financial incentives to lift or eliminate caps on charter school enrollment.

鈥淭he problem with caps is that they鈥檙e a very blunt policy tool, and the way they play out, they end up artificially limiting the options students have available to them,鈥� said John Bailey, the executive director of the Digital Learning Now! campaign, part of the nonprofit Foundation for Excellence in Education based in Tallahassee, Fla. 鈥淭hey give a false sense of comfort that you鈥檙e protecting kids from bad-quality programming, and that鈥檚 not the case.鈥�

Mr. Bailey, a former director of the office of educational technology for the U.S. Department of Education, finds caps with geographic restrictions frustrating.

鈥淚f I came to you and said you could shop anywhere online, but only from stores in your zip code, that鈥檚 weird, right?鈥� he said. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 similar to the environment we鈥檙e in now in education. Can you imagine the outcry if we told teachers we鈥檇 love for them to collaborate with each other, but only with those from their own district?鈥�

Concerns aside, Mr. Bailey said he鈥檚 encouraged by the 鈥渂road, bipartisan support鈥� behind the dismantling of enrollment caps.

There still are accompanying restrictions in some cases. In Michigan, for example, no more than 2 percent of the state鈥檚 students can be enrolled in cyber charter schools overall. Oregon鈥檚 decision to remove its cap in 2011, meanwhile, came with the stipulation that no more than 3 percent of a district鈥檚 students can enroll in online schools without permission from their home district to do so.

Even so, some wish the pace of growth were more measured.

The Center for Public Education released a report in May titled in large part because there seemed to be a fast-growing number of virtual schools yet few facts on their effectiveness, said Patte Barth, the center鈥檚 director. The center, an initiative of the Alexandria, Va.-based National School Boards Association, encourages states to exercise cautious optimism when weighing whether to lift an enrollment cap.

鈥淲e鈥檙e not opposed to it, but we are very, very concerned,鈥� Ms. Barth said. She relayed anecdotal reports of students signing up for courses but then dropping out after two or three months to return to a brick-and-mortar school, a move that neither affects a virtual school鈥檚 published success rate or reveals its rate of attrition.

鈥淲e鈥檇 like people to slow down, be more careful, ask a lot more questions, and get some more information before expanding these opportunities and enrolling more students,鈥� Ms. Barth added. 鈥淲e want to have some assurances that what is happening is really helping kids.鈥�

鈥楢 Growth Industry鈥�

Louisiana state education leaders promoted the enrollment boost at the public Louisiana Connections Academy as a way to prevent some students from being required to attend low-performing schools. (The school served 597 students last school year, more than the 500-student cap, because Louisiana charter schools are allowed to enroll up to 120 percent of their approved enrollment.)

But Wayne Free, an assistant executive director for the Louisiana Association of Educators in Baton Rouge, an affiliate of the National Education Association, had asked the Louisiana State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education to delay a decision on expanding enrollment. Though not opposed to virtual schools in theory, and a believer that blended learning programs have value, he鈥檇 pointed to statistics showing that test scores in the state鈥檚 two virtual charter schools are generally lower across the board than in traditional brick-and-mortar schools.

Mr. Free, who was hoping for further study, said he is fairly certain that the boost is only the beginning.

鈥淚 think the state will do everything it can to increase dramatically the number of students who are allowed to attend these schools,鈥� he said, 鈥渁s long as there are a lot of outside dollars flowing in to push the process along. I hope I鈥檓 wrong and that at some point, someone says, 鈥楲et鈥檚 look at the data.鈥� 鈥�

Jim Stergios, the executive director of the Pioneer Institute, a think tank based in Boston, thinks Massachusetts could be doing more to help virtual schools grow.

The state鈥檚 first and only full-time online school, Massachusetts Virtual Academy at Greenfield, opened in September 2010 with both numeric and geographic enrollment restrictions. Run by K12 Inc., a for-profit education management company based in Herndon, Va., the school, which will serve students from kindergarten through 10th grade in 2012-13, enrolled some 475 students on average last school year and hit the 500-student limit several times.

Interim Principal Timothy Wilson expects to reach the limit again at the beginning of this school year. In addition, the academy must maintain a minimum enrollment of 2 percent of the Greenfield Public Schools鈥� student population, the equivalent of at least 10 students.

鈥淚f you think about the power of e-learning, this isn鈥檛 a terribly smart way to approach things,鈥� said Mr. Stergios.

Now that Wisconsin has lifted its cap, Charlie Heckel, the principal of the Rural Virtual Academy charter school in Medford, Wis., said he has had more inquiries than before, and he no longer has to break the news to families that he can鈥檛 help them.

The new system isn鈥檛 all smooth sailing, however. 鈥淭his is a growth industry, and at the last minute, I can take a lot of kids in through the door, so it鈥檚 difficult for me to make solid plans going forward,鈥� said Mr. Heckel, citing such tasks as ordering books and materials, preparing staff members, scheduling orientations, and conducting placement tests for each new student. The public school served 120 students in preschool through 8th grade in 2011-12.

Susan Tomasek-Swan from Ovid, Mich., had to deal with another type of uncertainty this summer. Because Michigan鈥檚 legislation won鈥檛 go into effect until March 2013, she wouldn鈥檛 have known until the 2013-14 school year whether her 12-year-old daughter would be able to attend Michigan Virtual Charter Academy, where her daughter was on the waiting list since March and where her 9-year-old son was already a student. MVCA, also managed by K12 Inc., had 6,100 applications for 1,000 seats for all of 2011-12; since the school opened enrollment in March, it has received 3,602 applications for the 2012-13 school year.

She was full of questions: 鈥淒o I spend a lot of money on a curriculum and homeschool her but then have her get in? And if I keep her in the public schools, do you know how hard it would be to pull her out if her number gets called in the middle of the year?鈥�

But Ms. Tomasek-Swan found out the last week in July that her daughter had been accepted. 鈥淚t was a big sigh of relief when we got the call,鈥� she said.

The chairman of the education committee of the Michigan Senate, Phil Pavlov, a Republican, characterized the political battle over the Parent Empowerment Education Reform package, a set of proposals that included lifting the state鈥檚 enrollment cap, as the most difficult of his career.

鈥淏ut now that there鈥檚 competition for dollars, the officials who fought so hard against any potential migration out of their brick-and-mortar schools are saying, 鈥極K, now how can we raise our game?鈥� 鈥� he said. 鈥淭hat was absolutely our bottom-line intent with this package.鈥�

Steve Buckstein, the founder and senior policy analyst at the Cascade Policy Institute, a think tank in Portland, Ore., that promotes the message that competition improves education for all students, expects that additional states seeking to remove enrollment caps are also likely to face opposition.

鈥淚t鈥檚 a continuing concern that people who are critics of these schools will continue to look for ways to reduce their availability to students,鈥� he said.