By Justin Wells, Executive Director of Envision Learning Partners
Portfolio assessment has been around for a long time, and the practice appears to be growing. It鈥檚 easy to see why. A portfolio lends itself naturally to assessment, whose aim is to collect evidence to answer a question about learning or performance. The fundamental concept of a portfolio, adopted from the world of the arts, is to make claims about one鈥檚 skills through curated evidence of one鈥檚 work. Claim: I am a skilled photographer of family portraits. Evidence: Look at this portfolio of portraits I have taken.
When it comes to assessment, the portfolio concept has two chief virtues:
- A portfolio is an impressively flexible form of assessment because it can wrap itself around just about any claim or set of claims, no matter how complex. That鈥檚 not to say that it鈥檚 easy to defend those claims, but a portfolio can open the door to evaluating certain skills that are closed to other forms of assessment. This is especially useful to the growing number of schools and districts that are publicly committing to teaching deeper learning skills, often in the form of a graduate profile. It鈥檚 hard to design a test of creativity or collaboration. But it鈥檚 not hard to imagine a student assembling evidence of her creativity or collaborative abilities into a portfolio.
- A portfolio actively enrolls the student in the assessment in ways that other forms of assessment cannot. Because a portfolio represents a subset of a body of work, it requires choices. The photographer doesn鈥檛 show you all the photographs he鈥檚 ever taken; he presents a curation of his photographs. And every one of those choices is an opportunity for making meaning, deepening understanding, and practicing persuasion.
The flip side of each of these virtues is a vice, or bad habit, of portfolio design:
- A portfolio鈥檚 validity breaks apart when its claims are not crystal clear to all involved. I have witnessed situations where some portfolio reviewers were looking for evidence of proficiency and others for evidence of growth. When the portfolio鈥檚 purpose is not sharply defined and collectively understood, the whole endeavor can feel like an unrigorous waste of time. The portfolio idea unnecessarily takes the blame.
- A portfolio is hardly a portfolio if the student is not able to make choices about what goes into it. This happens when the portfolio鈥檚 parameters are so prescribed there鈥檚 no room for choice, or the student hasn鈥檛 had enough opportunities to practice the skill. To get the cognitive benefits of curation, students must have a range of work from which to choose. As a teacher, I appreciated this collateral virtue of portfolio assessment: it pushed me to provide my students with more opportunities to produce work so they could make choices down the road. Surprise, surprise--the students got better faster.
A final tip: Apply portfolios to skills that are valued but insufficiently assessed. Already institutionalized measurements such as test scores and grades are practical and they tell us a lot, but they don鈥檛 tell the whole story. Take advantage of the flexibility of portfolio assessment to get at those other important but often neglected skills of deeper learning, including solving complex problems, working collaboratively, communicating effectively, and learning how to learn. Portfolios will seem superfluous--to teachers and to students alike--if they only tell us what we already know.