School-age children across Africa often don鈥檛 have access to a formal education. They may live in remote rural areas or in violence-plagued regions too dangerous for teachers to visit. Others can鈥檛 spend a full day in the classroom: They have to work or are heading households left without adults because of the ravages of AIDS.
But educators are finding increasingly innovative ways to bring education to such students in various countries in Africa, using mobile technologies to deliver curricula in ways that go beyond what many school districts are doing with portable devices in the United States.
Cellphones, laptop computers, MP3 players, and even solar-powered radios are all being used creatively both to bring education to students and help teachers improve their own skills.
Areas of Africa are 鈥渞ipe for the use of mobile technology, even more so than in the U.S. because technology鈥攑articularly mobile-phone technology鈥攍eapfrogs a frayed and ineffective land-line system,鈥� says Matt Keller, the director of global advocacy for the nonprofit One Laptop Per Child initiative based in Cambridge, Mass.
鈥淚t can also leapfrog a frayed and ineffective education system,鈥� he says. 鈥淭echnology will take this generation of kids to a level that is unprecedented there, in terms of thinking critically and analytically.鈥�
Cellphone Use Growing
The use of cellphones has been particularly prevalent in many African countries throughout the general population. According to a 2009 report issued by the United Nations-affiliated International Telecommunications Union, based in Geneva, 28 percent of Africans now have a mobile-phone subscription, and those phones are playing vital roles in everything from Web-based mobile banking to health education. Africa, which had a 2 percent subscriber rate in 2000, is the continent with the fastest growth in cellphone use, the ITU reports. So in some countries, it wasn鈥檛 a big leap to take that technology, owned by even some of the poorest citizens, and direct its power toward education.
In Mali, sub-Saharan Africa鈥檚 sixth-largest country, with a population of more than 12 million, 10,000 schools are spread over what is often desolate land, says Rebecca Rhodes, the deputy director for student learning for the country鈥檚 , implemented by the Boston-based Education Development Center, a global nonprofit organization. The program is part of a five-year, $30 million reform plan funded the U.S. Agency for International Development.
Rhodes says cellphone use in Mali is widespread, but it鈥檚 nearly impossible to visit the often-isolated schools. As part of the Road to Reading program, lesson plans are posted on a blog site, and teachers use their own cellphones to access the Internet for online curricula to use in their classrooms. The EDC also asks the teachers to provide feedback on the lessons by responding to a text-message survey.
There have been roadblocks, however, Rhodes says. Though many people in Mali are comfortable using cellphones, many others are unaware the phones can access the Internet. In fact, Rhodes says, most people in Mali don鈥檛 know the Internet exists. Training on its use and how to download lesson plans has been critical, she says.
Currently, the Mali cellphone program reaches 500 schools, but soon it will go nationwide. The EDC is also seeking to improve data collection and analyze the information. In addition, the group is looking beyond lesson plans toward the possibility of posting sample tests for teachers to download or to provide standard criteria for teacher evaluations.
鈥淲e have certain aspects of education here that are driving us to think creatively,鈥� Rhodes says.
Downloading Educational Games
A variety of other projects involving cellphones are fanning out across the continent.
In March, the Washington-based World Bank Institute launched a new type of problem-solving video game called Evoke, which is designed to empower young people in Africa to come up with creative solutions to social problems.
Students can play the game by accessing the Web, typically through a cellphone or laptop. Students in South Africa can also sign up to receive weekly text bursts updating them on the latest storyline or mission. Those playing the game may collect videos or photos with their cellphones and can submit them using mobile e-mail, according to the game鈥檚 blog.
Players are faced with such problems as environmental degradation, lack of food and water, and poverty and violence and are challenged to find ways to solve them. The game ends May 12, and top players who complete 10 game challenges will earn certification as Evoke social innovators, plus a chance at earning online mentorships, seed funding for new ventures, travel scholarships, and a trip to Washington.
The Academy for Educational Development has developed software currently being used in Africa that can use cellphones to survey educators, says Kurt D. Moses, the vice president and director of the systems-services center at the Washington-based AED, a nonprofit organization working on health, education, and social issues around the world. The system is used to survey school headmasters, with multiple-choice questions and text-message responses, for example, Moses says.
鈥淚n education, there鈥檚 a history in many of the developing countries of getting national information once a year,鈥� he says. 鈥淭he traditional battle has been to get that information in a timely way so it鈥檚 not obsolete.鈥�
But the system has been beneficial in other ways, too, Moses says. For example, ministries of education in Africa often hire young women as teachers. But when the women discover they鈥檝e been posted to a rural school, some never show up at the schoolhouse. And because it鈥檚 an isolated outpost, it may take months or years for the government to realize students are still without a teacher, Moses says.
Turning On Radios and iPods
A number of factors have coalesced in Africa making it ready for the use of mobile technology for education, says Robert Spielvogel, the chief technology officer at the EDC. With huge numbers of children lacking any kind of formal education, many ministries of education are focusing on the problem.
鈥淭here鈥檚 a built-in enormous need, and economically there鈥檚 almost no way in a timely fashion that enough schools can be built or teachers found,鈥� Spielvogel says. 鈥淭here鈥檚 an openness here because there鈥檚 a sense of crisis that you don鈥檛 see in the U.S.鈥�
In addition, he says, there鈥檚 a lack of such infrastructure as telephone land lines or Internet wiring. It鈥檚 much cheaper to access mobile technology through a cellphone tower than to install fiber optic or wire connectivity to villages, he says. And in the past five to eight years, Spielvogel says, many countries have opened their business marketplaces to telecommunications companies from around the world.
鈥淵ou have the benefit in many countries of a healthy competition, where there isn鈥檛 just one vendor who can strangle the market,鈥� he says.
Companies also are noting financial potential in the education market, Spielvogel says. He cites , a wireless-broadband, high-speed Internet, and cellphone provider, which has a high-quality education portal and is aiming to push into underserved areas of that market in Africa.
鈥淚f you can develop educational applications on top of the consumer applications being driven into the market for their own reasons, it鈥檚 more likely to take root,鈥� he says.
A variety of technologies are putting down roots in education, says Lisa M. Easterbrooks, an associate project director with the EDC who works in Zambia on mobile-technology projects in education.
In parts of Zambia where there may be no teacher, 40 to 50 students may gather in a 鈥渃ommunity school鈥� under the guidance of a volunteer who will facilitate lessons taught through radio programming. Using solar-powered and crank radios, lessons are broadcast on a regular schedule. For areas where radio reception is poor, the EDC loads the radio broadcasts onto an iPod with a solar panel and battery pack and provides speakers for broadcasting the lesson.
Research has shown that children listening to the broadcasts are performing as well as or better than their counterparts in government-run schools, Easterbrooks says. The EDC estimates that in 2009, about 400,000 Zambian students in community schools accessed the audio broadcasts, which reached another 300,000 students in government schools.
鈥淩adio has always been a really effective tool for any kind of development in education here, 鈥� simply because of the vastness of its reach,鈥� Easterbrooks says.
In addition, a small pilot project in Zambia used cellphones to improve teacher training. Groups of teacher trainees received cellphones and sent text messages to college lecturers asking questions about assignments or social issues.
The EDC also distributed iPods loaded with training videos to help teachers improve their teaching skills. For example, a survey showed teachers struggling with 6th grade concepts, so the videos highlight how to teach topics like congruency in math or the concept of a magnet, Easterbrooks says.
Laptop Learning Expands
The use of laptops in education also is a growing practice in Africa, particularly through the . The 4-year-old initiative has helped put 1.5 million more laptops in developing countries around the world, including Rwanda, where there were 120,000 laptops distributed, and Cameroon, where the group expects to have 10,000 laptops in the hands of students by May, Keller says. The laptops are supposed to be used primarily for education.
The laptops are 鈥渋ncredibly durable and designed for kids in the poorest part of the world, living off the grid,鈥� Keller says. They鈥檙e easy to fix, and the organization typically trains one or two students to troubleshoot issues that arise.
The laptops, called the XO, are about the size of a textbook and lighter than a lunchbox. They connect wirelessly to the Internet using an exposed antenna that can pick up remote wireless signals. Some educational applications are preloaded onto the computer, Keller says, and others can be downloaded.
Some countries have taken the program and made it their own, he says. For example, the education ministry in Ethiopia loaded the country鈥檚 textbooks onto each one.
鈥淜ids may not have seen a book before, and now鈥hey [each] have a small library in his or her hand,鈥� Keller says. 鈥淚t ends isolation for a part of the world that has never been online.鈥�
