Principals who effectively manage special education in their schools have to be one part lawyer, one part counselor鈥攁nd a little bit fearless.
That鈥檚 the assessment from interviews with principals, educators in administrator-prep programs, and researchers who have taken a deep look at successful school leaders.
The need for legal expertise is obvious: The federal government, through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, states, and school districts have created a complex set of rules and policies that govern the education of students with disabilities and often carry the force of law.
The job also requires school leaders to support parents, students, and teachers, many of whom see the principal as the primary arbiter in cases of disagreement. District-level administrators may be a faceless character to most parents.
Principals, on the other hand, are the administrators that they know.
Learning on the Job
The importance and the complexity of the handling of special education shouldn鈥檛 paralyze school leaders, their peers say. Principals are going to make mistakes. It鈥檚 how they own up to those mistakes, and try to come up with ways to fix them and improve for the next situation, that matters.
Here鈥檚 what principals can do to support special education students:
鈥� Principals need to know the families of their special education students; it builds trust
鈥� Before a student鈥檚 IEP meetings, gather data and observe the child in class
鈥� Regularly review the section of the IDEA that outlines a school鈥檚 legal obligations to special education students
鈥淵ou can鈥檛 be scared of it, and some people are,鈥� said Chris Chism, the principal of Pearl High School in Mississippi, a 1,050-student school that takes its name from the city where it is located. 鈥淭he only way to do that is to get your hands dirty with it.鈥�
Tammi Martin, the principal of Highland Primary Center and Hillview Intermediate School, offered similar thoughts. Martin leads two schools that encompass grades K-5 in the Grove City Area district in Pennsylvania; about 900 students are enrolled between them.
鈥淭he most effective thing I do for my students is know their families,鈥� Martin said. " If they trust you, it allows you to be a little more flexible and take risks to make a difference. And once your parents are on the teams with you, it鈥檚 a heck of a lot easier.鈥�
Those kinds of skills are often ones that principals have to develop on their own. In terms of training, principals are still not getting enough information in the fundamentals of special education law, let alone the skills that would allow them to nurture a supportive school culture for students with disabilities, said David Bateman, a professor of special education at Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania. Bateman is the co-author of 鈥淎 Principal鈥檚 Guide to Special Education.鈥�
He saw evidence of this personally during a decade spent as a due-process hearing officer, ruling on special education disputes between schools and families. In some smaller districts, the staffing was so sparse that there was no central-office special education administrator to handle disagreements, so the principal would be the one on the hot seat.
鈥淚 would have principals be the ones who were testifying as a representative of the school district, and it became very, very clear they did not know the basics of special ed,鈥� said Bateman. 鈥淚 remember a principal saying: 鈥楾his IEP thing, is this a building-level term or a district term? Because we don鈥檛 typically use this.鈥� 鈥�
An IEP, short for individualized education program, is a foundational term in special education. It鈥檚 a legal document that outlines what special education services students with disabilities will receive, as well as the measurable progress they鈥檙e expected to make towards academic as well as functional goals.
The area that principals misunderstand the most, hands down, is discipline procedures, he said.
鈥淭heir misconception is that kids with disabilities cannot be disciplined,鈥� Bateman said. While that鈥檚 not true, special education law does require schools to take some additional steps to determine if students鈥� misbehavior may be a manifestation of their disability.
Gaps in Principal Training
In more recent years, there have been strides in improving training on special education for school leaders, said Belinda Dunnick Karge, a professor of doctoral programs at Concordia University Irvine in California.
She co-wrote a paper called 鈥淢eeting the Needs of Students with Disabilities: Experience and Confidence of Principals鈥� in 2006. In 2015, she and her co-author, Beth Lasky of California State University-Northridge, decided to replicate the surveys that were the foundation of their first study.
In 2006, more than a third of respondents, all of them principals in California, said they had no direct experience with children with disabilities as part of their credentialing coursework to become principals.
By 2015, that percentage had dropped to 18 percent. But nearly 4 out of 5 respondents in 2015 said they only had one course, Karge said.
California鈥檚 principal training standards offer a section on promoting equity for all student groups, but Karge called the standard 鈥渕inimal.鈥�
Learning on the job is still the main way that principals gain knowledge about special education. Occasionally, that can lead them astray, Karge said.
鈥淚f you Google 鈥榖ehavior autism,鈥� you鈥檇 probably come up with a ridiculous amount of hits,鈥� Karge said. 鈥淎dministrators are in a situation of 鈥榟ere and now.鈥� They need it to happen immediately, and they can鈥檛 mess around trying to dig through the massive amount of data. So many people rely on their friends and the web, instead of the research.鈥�
At the same time, Karge said, it is important for principals to stay in touch with their peers. And in interviews, school leaders offered several concrete steps they take to keep themselves up-to-date with special education law and poised to create a learning environment that works for all students.
Ideas From the Field
Christine Handy, the president of the National Association of Secondary School Principals, said she would seek out chances for parents of students with disabilities to talk to her one-on-one. Handy, who took a leave of absence from her position as principal of 2,400-student Gaithersburg High School in suburban Washington, said getting face time with families in an informal setting was valuable for building trust.
鈥淎s a special educator, it鈥檚 something that鈥檚 near and dear to my heart,鈥� she said."The principals have to be the head cheerleader, the head advocate.鈥�
McKenna Lewis, a former special educator now in her first year as the principal of James H. Harrison Elementary in Laurel, Md., oversees a 330-student school with a diverse special education and linguistic population. She doesn鈥檛 attend every IEP meeting, leaving some to other administrators. But she makes time for the more challenging cases. And before she shows up, she gathers data and observes the child in the classroom.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 like to just go,鈥� Lewis said. 鈥淲hen I go, I like to be able to provide insight about the curriculum and the resources.鈥� Her goal, she said, is to be 鈥渁 contributing member to the conversation.鈥�
Chrystal Griffin, the principal of KIPP Star Middle School in New York, devised a special plan for a group of 5th graders with disabilities struggling with basic academic skills, but for whom retention wasn鈥檛 appropriate.
Griffin and the staff organized a smaller class, where the 12 students are served by one teacher and get intensive support in reading and math. For other subject areas, they take classes with students who do not have disabilities. Rather than holding them back, that setup allowed those students to continue with their grade level while providing the small group attention they needed to succeed.
But Griffin said creating that class meant shuffling some schedules and staff assignments at the 300-student school, which serves students in grades 5 to 8.
鈥淢y role is really to think about operationalizing all these really great ideas,鈥� Griffin said. 鈥淭here needs to be a willingness to be creative.鈥�
Chism, the principal from Mississippi, said every year he reads the section of special education regulations that relates to procedural safeguards 鈥淚DEA is too big to read,鈥� he said, but the procedural safeguards section gets at the heart of a school鈥檚 legal obligations, including parental consent and notice and dispute resolution options.
And his advice to jump right in and not be afraid comes with real benefits, he said.
鈥淭here鈥檚 no greater feeling than when you have a kid who really struggles, and I get to get on stage, call their name and they get a diploma. This is a kid who can still succeed,鈥� he said.
