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The U.S. Department of Education, which is now accepting applications for the $500 million Race to the Top , is telegraphing what it deems the most important part of improving early-childhood programs in a state: developing a public rating system.

Through rules released by the department last week, states now know what it will take for them to win awards of up to $100 million each, grants made possible by a congressional budget deal reached in April.

The overall goal of the competition, said Secretary of Education Arne Duncan in a telephone briefing with reporters last week, is to make sure 鈥渕any, many more children enter kindergarten ready to succeed.鈥�

And for states to win, he said, 鈥渢he bar will absolutely be high.鈥�

are due Oct. 19, and a 鈥渉andful鈥� of winners will be announced in December, according to Mr. Duncan. Earlier this summer, 36 states and the District of Columbia said they were interested in applying.

To clear the bar for the Early Learning Challenge grants, states will have to craft standards of quality for early-childhood programs, and systems to rate them. The strength of a state鈥檚 rating system will be worth 75 points on a 300-point grading scale, the most of any of the five general criteria states must address as they vie for the grants.

Measuring Quality

The rules call for states to make their rating systems public, to link them to state licensing for early-education programs, and to include tiers to differentiate the quality of early-childhood programs. To get full points, states also need to 鈥渕aximize鈥� the number of programs included in the ratings.

In addition, they would need to adopt policies that provide incentives for providers to improve, including training, financial rewards, and higher reimbursement rates for programs that accept taxpayer subsidies.

鈥淚t鈥檚 been clear that when the administration talks about the Early Learning Challenge, a big piece is a quality-rating and -improvement system,鈥� said Sara Mead, an early-childhood-policy expert and an associate partner at Bellwether Education Partners, a national education policy firm based in Washington. 鈥淭he rationale makes sense. Before you can improve quality, you have to measure quality and tie it to some kind of [reward or] consequence.鈥�

This is relatively new territory for states, especially tying any rating system to rewards or reimbursement rates.

鈥淭his has not been super-well-implemented,鈥� said Ms. Mead, who is also an independent opinion blogger for 澳门跑狗论坛. 鈥淥ne of the hopes is that, whatever happens, we research it really well.鈥�

After the rating system, the next most important category, worth 65 points, is a state鈥檚 early-education track record and capacity to implement its plan.

The final three categories offer states a menu of options from which to choose. That approach reflects a change from the proposed rules released earlier this summer, which sparked worry from state officials that the list of actions they were expected to take was too long, with grant awards not big enough to support all the initiatives.

鈥淲hen you look at the amount of money you鈥檙e talking about, it probably makes sense to scale back,鈥� Ms. Mead said. 鈥淚n the big states, $100 million over five years isn鈥檛 enough to do all of those things and move the ball on access.鈥�

In devising ways to improve early-education outcomes for children, the Education Department says, states have to make progress in at least two of four areas to earn a maximum of 60 points: statewide early-learning standards for children, appropriate assessments for children, a plan to address health and behavioral needs, and a plan to engage and support families of high-needs children.

To improve the early-childhood workforce, worth 40 points, states need to create either a credentialing system for early-childhood educators or a system to improve the effectiveness and retention of those teachers.

And, for another 40 points, states will either have to implement kindergarten-readiness assessments or build or enhance their longitudinal-data systems to include early-education information.

Included in the 300-point scale are bonus points for a state that has all its early-education programs subject to the rating system and for a state that has a high-quality kindergarten test in place.

Judges Being Recruited

Outside judges, who are being recruited by the Education Department, will score the states. As in the original Race to the Top competition, Secretary Duncan said he has the authority to overrule the outside judges鈥� decisions on the early-learning winners. But he didn鈥檛 use that authority last year, when 12 winners shared $4 billion, and he said he doesn鈥檛 expect to use it this time, either.

Unlike last year鈥檚 broader Race to the Top competition, in which almost half the points were awarded on the basis of a state鈥檚 education record, most points in the early-learning competition are reserved for a state鈥檚 plan to improve early learning, and not its history in that area.

And that makes it more challenging to handicap the race, early-education advocates say.

, in Washington, has done some early predictions, analyzing states鈥� funding for early education (at 2009-10 levels), their coordination across agencies, and whether states already have rating systems, among other attributes. That analysis, released last week, declared top contenders to be Colorado, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Vermont.

But if states didn鈥檛 make New America鈥檚 list, there鈥檚 still hope, said Laura Bornfreund, the group鈥檚 early-education policy analyst.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 one of the really good things about this competition,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 worth all states鈥� time. It lays out a vision, and any state really has a shot if they take the time to put together a high-quality plan.鈥�

When the proposed rules came out in July, many advocates worried that the focus on assessments would mean high-stakes decisions would be made about preschoolers and their teachers.

Although the final rules clearly state that the kindergarten-readiness tests cannot be used to deny children access to kindergarten, the rules don鈥檛 seem to say anything about whether assessments can be used to make high-stakes decisions about early-childhood educators, such as on job protection or salaries.

Jacqueline Jones, a senior adviser to Mr. Duncan on early learning, said that 鈥渨e want to be clear [the assessments are] designed to understand how children are learning.鈥�

What鈥檚 more, Mr. Duncan said: 鈥淲e will never ask 3-year-olds to take bubble tests.鈥�