Early education鈥攁 continuing element of President Barack Obama鈥檚 education agenda highlighted in last week鈥檚 State of the Union address鈥攁ppears to be maintaining legislative momentum at the state level this year, where lawmakers around the country will deal with healthier budgets.
In California, state Sen. Darrell Steinberg, a Democrat, has proposed a $1 billion expansion of the state鈥檚 transitional preschool program, which just started in the 2012-13 school year for students who missed the state鈥檚 kindergarten age cutoff. Mr. Steinberg wants the program to be available to all 350,000 of the state鈥檚 4-year-olds.
On a much smaller scale, Hawaii鈥檚 Democratic governor, Neil Abercrombie, has asked state lawmakers to approve a budget that would create 32 preschool classrooms, serving 640 children.
And even states that appeared to be philosophically opposed to state-funded early-childhood education are considering a move in that direction: Idaho Rep. Hy Kloc, a Democrat, has proposed a three-year voluntary pilot program in five schools in Idaho. Other preschool proposals in the state have failed, but Mr. Kloc said he has received support for his $1.4 million program not just from early-education advocates, but from law enforcement officers and school superintendents.
Early-childhood education has been a high-profile topic for governors and state lawmakers this legislative season. Among the proposals that are in the works so far:
California: Democratic Sen. Darrell Steinberg, the president of the California state Senate, wants to expand preschool to all of the state鈥檚 350,000 4-year-olds, at a cost of $1 billion a year.
Hawaii: Gov. Neil Abercrombie, a Democrat, has asked for $4.5 million to open 32 preschool classrooms across the state that would serve 640 children.
Indiana: The House of Representatives overwhelmingly approved a $25 million voucher proposal that would give low-income families in five counties money to enroll their children in preschool.
Kansas: Republican Gov. Sam Brownback wants the state, over five years, to pick up the full cost of all-day kindergarten at a cost of $80 million. Kansas currently pays for half-day kindergarten.
Michigan: Rick Snyder, the Republican governor, proposed in his budget address adding $65 million to the state鈥檚 preschool program for low-income, at-risk children.
Missouri: The Missouri Preschool Project, a competitive-grant program providing startup funds for districts that want to expand their preschool classrooms, would see an increase from $11.7 million to $31.7 million under the budget proposal of Democratic Gov. Jay Nixon.
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鈥淭he groundswell has been incredible,鈥� said Mr. Kloc in an interview. 鈥淧eople who can afford preschool send their kids to preschool. And for parents who can鈥檛 afford preschool, this is a way for them to make sure their children get the equal education that is promised to them in our [state] constitution.鈥�
鈥楢 Far Better Year鈥�
The Education Commission of the States released a report in January that said 30 states and the District of Columbia increased appropriations for state-funded preschool programs for fiscal 2014, marking a second straight year of additional pre-K investments. State funding grew by $364.7 million, for a total of $5.6 billion, which represented a 6.9 percent increase over fiscal 2013.
The increased spending in early-childhood education comes after several years when money was shifted away from such programs, said W. Steven Barnett, the director of the National Institute for Early Education Research at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J. NIEER鈥檚 latest preschool report covers the 2011-12 school year, and notes that state funding had fallen by $400 per child compared with the previous year, bringing funding down to an average of $3,841 per child despite stagnant enrollment. In 2011-12, about 1.3 million children were enrolled in state-funded preschool, according to NIEER.
In contrast, lawmakers in many states are currently debating not whether to fund early-childhood programs, but how much to give, Mr. Barnett said. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, for example, has proposed a $1.5 billion increase over five years to provide universal prekindergarten for 4-year-olds; New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, also a Democrat, is seeking state approval to tax high earners in the city in order to pay for preschool and after-school programs. His proposal would collect about $530 million over five years.
鈥淭his is a far better year than we鈥檝e seen in a long time,鈥� Mr. Barnett said.
But in certain states, some of the increases currently proposed are 鈥渏ust getting states back to where they were,鈥� Mr. Barnett said. Sometimes, the competing proposals reveal uncertainty in the numbers: New York Commissioner of Education John King testified before the state legislature last week that full-day preschool could cost the state $1.6 billion a year, far less than Gov. Cuomo鈥檚 proposal.
Bruce Atchison, the director of the Early Learning Institute at the Denver-based Education Commission of the States, said that increased funding is only part of what states are expected to do in this year鈥檚 legislative sessions. He said that states may also make moves to improve their governance structures and create a seamless 鈥淧-20" education continuum, or they may bolster their early-learning quality standards. Half the states currently mandate kindergarten entry assessments, which are given to children when they start school and are intended to guide teachers in determining what extra assistance a child may need. More states may enact policy about such assessments, Mr. Atchison said.
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鈥淚 think we are turning a corner in the country, and people are starting to get it,鈥� he said. 鈥淲e have over 50 years of pretty solid research on this.鈥�
Federal Efforts
The federal government is continuing its own efforts to support early learning. In his 2013 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama proposed a $75 billion program that would support states that wanted to expand their preschool offerings. At his address to Congress a year later, Mr. Obama said he was repeating that request, but that he wasn鈥檛 going to wait on Congress to take action.
鈥淭hirty states have raised pre-K funding on their own. They know we can鈥檛 wait. So just as we worked with states to reform our schools, this year, we鈥檒l invest in new partnerships with states and communities across the country in a Race to the Top for our youngest children,鈥� Mr. Obama said.
The recently approved fiscal year 2014 budget bill provides $250 million for another early-learning Race to the Top competition; 20 states now share in the federal money from previous competitions.
Early education enjoys a broad base of support from organizations beyond the traditional advocacy groups. That is true in Michigan, where 鈥渢here鈥檚 no question [funding increases] would not have happened without the support of the business community,鈥� said Doug Luciani, the president and chief executive officer of the Traverse City Area Chamber of Commerce.
Michigan allocated $65 million to its early-childhood preschool program for children from low-income families in the previous fiscal year. In his January budget address, Republican Gov. Rick Snyder said he would like to appropriate an additional $65 million to eliminate waiting lists.
鈥淥ur governor didn鈥檛 need any convincing on the effectiveness,鈥� said Mr. Luciani, who is the co-chairman of the Children鈥檚 Leadership Council of Michigan. 鈥淲hat he really wanted to know is if he would have political cover if he put this in the budget.鈥�
Mr. Luciani cited universal pre-K and high-quality child care as the ultimate goals in Michigan. He predicts that Mr. Snyder鈥檚 proposal will be approved.
鈥淭he state has the money, it was successful last year, and lawmakers, far from being vilified for creating a nanny state, have been widely praised,鈥� Mr. Luciani said.
Philosophical Split
Currently, nine states have no publicly funded preschool. For them, the issue may not be funding but philosophical opposition.
In Idaho, for example, Mr. Kloc said that the opposition argues that preschool is a family鈥檚 responsibility. Other objectors say the state should focus on different educational priorities.
Mr. Kloc said his bill is intentionally small and time-limited, to allow lawmakers to see if preschool can work in the state.
鈥淚 believe in taking small steps just to be able to convince people who have already had their minds made up,鈥� Mr. Kloc said. 鈥淓ventually, with the groundswell I鈥檝e seen, [preschool] will come here. I hope it鈥檒l be this session and if not, I鈥檒l be back with the same bill again.鈥�
