With conversations about the best ways to evaluate teacher performance proliferating across the nation, preservice preparation could be the next stop on the teacher-quality continuum to receive a similarly high level of scrutiny.
New models for preparing teachers, such as the yearlong apprenticeship or 鈥渞esidency鈥� model, have received attention from policymakers in recent years. Now, a commissioned by the , released Nov. 16, adds the voices of a diverse array of stakeholders, including representatives from the traditional university-based programs that prepare the majority of the nation鈥檚 teachers.
It calls on education schools to make supervised, structured classroom-based experiences the foremost component of teacher preparation, with aspects like coursework supplementing that training. All programs should also document that their candidates improve student learning, it concludes.
The report draws heavily on the teacher-residency model and a handful of university-based education programs that take such an approach to training new teachers.
鈥淭he general message is that teachers have not been prepared well鈥攐r enough鈥攁nd we need to make changes both on the front end, with preparation, and at the back end, with accountability,鈥� said Anissa Listak, the executive director of , a Chicago-based network of teacher-residency programs across the nation. 鈥淪tate interest, federal interest [in those reforms], I鈥檓 seeing it every day, at every level.鈥�
To achieve its goal of reorganizing teacher preparation on the 鈥渃linical鈥� medical model, a blue-ribbon panel organized by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education made a number of recommendations, including:
鈥� Ensure rigorous monitoring and enforcement for state program approval and accreditation.
鈥� Increase accountability by making districts partners in assessing teacher-candidates and using multiple measures to gauge their effect on student learning.
鈥� Require all programs that prepare teachers, whether inside or outside of universities, to meet requirements for clinical preparation.
鈥� Revamp curricula to ensure alignment with field-based experiences.
鈥� Create more-rigorous selection processes for teacher candidates.
鈥� Give candidates the opportunity to work in hard-to staff schools.
鈥� Make districts an equal partner in the preparation of teachers.
鈥� Redesign higher education tenure-granting structures to reward clinical faculty members and boost their prestige.
鈥� Ensure candidates are supervised by clinical educators and mentors.
鈥� Target federal funding toward research and development into clinical preparation.
SOURCE: National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
But if there is general agreement that the quality of student-teaching matters greatly, those in the preparation field must work through all the implications, teacher-educators and other experts say.
Moving to a practice-based model based on that used in medicine would require education school deans and administrators to reevaluate how they do business鈥攑otentially everything from how faculty members are organized to the cost structures now underpinning teacher preparation.
Recent Developments
The release of the NCATE panel鈥檚 report comes on the heels of several other events that, taken together, point to increased attention to the preparation of teachers. Among those actions:
鈥� The residency model has gained prominence during the past five years, and has been embraced as a model by the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, among other groups.
鈥� The most recent rewrite of the federal Higher Education Act, completed in 2008, added extra reporting requirements for programs that prepare teachers.
鈥� Policy discussions about the format and purpose of teacher evaluations have renewed interest about how to define and measure good teaching.
鈥� Prodded by requirements in the federal Race to the Top competition, states are moving to track newly minted teachers into K-12 classrooms to determine their success with students.
鈥� The marketplace for teacher education has changed dramatically in the past 40 years. Alternative-certification programs have proliferated, while the number of bachelors鈥� degrees granted in education has fallen since 1970, according to a recent analysis of federal data conducted by the National Center for Alternative Certification, a Washington-based nonprofit group.
鈥� A nationally representative commissioned by the Thomas B. Fordham Institute, in Washington, found that a majority of teacher-educators see accreditation as a compliance-based process rather than a standard of quality preparation.
A few areas of general consensus flow from such initiatives, and the report by the NCATE panel, which was set up in January, outlines recommendations for how states, universities, and districts can work together to improve teacher-candidates鈥� student-teaching. (鈥淣CATE Panel Weighing Fieldwork for Student-Teachers,鈥� Jan. 20, 2010.) Among them is the importance of getting districts to take a more active role in the preparation of teachers, by working with training programs to design rich field experiences.
鈥淭he whole district has to believe that their future depends on helping us prepare teachers,鈥� said Nancy L. Zimpher, chancellor of the State University of New York system and the co-chairwoman of the NCATE panel.
Ms. Zimpher underscored that clinical approaches to teacher preparation can include a variety of methods and ideally knit together several, including the yearlong residency; 鈥渞ounds鈥� in which teacher-candidates are exposed to a number of school settings; and simulations that allow teacher-candidates to practice their skills on virtual students.
But all programs that prepare teachers need to provide such experiences, she said. They should no longer be confined to a 鈥渃ottage industry鈥� of best practices located in a handful of initiatives.
Finally, the report notes that there must be more accountability for teacher preparation, with high-quality gauges of candidates鈥� ability to use data to improve student achievement.
The report鈥檚 thrust won the support of the Obama administration. U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan was highly critical of colleges of education in two speeches he gave last fall. (鈥淒uncan Shares Concerns Over Teacher Prep,鈥� October 28, 2009.)
But speaking at a press conference at the National Press Club, in Washington, where the report was unveiled, Mr. Duncan said that the changes embodied in the NCATE report represent 鈥渢he most sweeping recommendations鈥� for improving teacher education made in the century-long history of the nation鈥檚 education schools.
Big Changes
But do those 鈥渟weeping recommendations鈥� have the support needed to be put into place? It is not an insignificant question, given the countless number of reports that have called for changes in the preparation of teachers.
One possible lever is an alliance of eight states that say they鈥檝e committed to undertaking such reforms.
Announced at the press-club event, the states鈥擟alifornia, Colorado, Louisiana, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Oregon, and Tennessee鈥攚ill convene panels of stakeholders from higher education, K-12 administrators, teachers鈥� unions, and others to oversee the work; pilot various approaches to clinical preparation in their institutions that prepare teachers;and track the results. For now organized under the auspices of NCATE, the state alliance held its first meeting Nov. 16.
A second possible lever could be in the accreditation process, which James G. Cibulka, the president of NCATE, and others hope to make more rigorous so that the voluntary process is more synonymous with quality. NCATE and a smaller rival, the Teacher Education Accreditation Council, recently announced plans to merge. (鈥淢erger Lies Ahead for Accrediting Bodies of Teacher Preparation,鈥� Nov. 3, 2010.) During the next two years, the new accrediting body will put in new, higher standards, Mr. Cibulka said in an interview. And programs that don鈥檛 meet such standards, the NCATE report states, should be closed down.
Teacher education experts from across the nation largely praised the thrust of the report, its recommendations, and its vision for the field. But they also homed in on a number of complex implications not fully outlined in the report.
For one, the cost structure for how teachers are trained may have to change. Making classroom-based training the focus of preparation conceivably could mean throwing out the most venerable feature of university-based education, the Carnegie credit-hour system.
鈥淭he university financial system is based on courses, and courses are based on credits,鈥� said Patricia A. Wasley, a former dean of the school of education at the University of Washington, in Seattle. 鈥淭his is a very big issue for higher education institutions. It means a rethinking of how we charge for the work we do with candidates and what form it ought to come in.鈥�
Another sticking point: Traditional education programs, like higher education in general, typically grant teacher-educators tenure for publishing. In practice, that has led to a bifurcation between scholars and those at the institutions who are charged with overseeing student-teaching experiences, said David J. Chard, the dean of the Simmons School of Education at Southern Methodist University, in Dallas.
Ideally, the two areas鈥攕cholarship and field-based preparation鈥攕hould be intimately linked, Mr. Chard said. 鈥淲e desperately need better knowledge about how to measure teacher-preparation outcomes,鈥� he said.
Morgaen L. Donaldson, an assistant professor at the University of Connecticut鈥檚 , acknowledged that much clinical preparation has been an 鈥渁fterthought鈥� in teacher preparation. But challenges await universities that seek to prioritize student-teaching.
鈥淎 danger in focusing so much on the clinical component is the question of who鈥檚 responsible for quality control,鈥� said Ms. Donaldson, who teaches courses both for teacher-candidates and budding education leaders. 鈥淲e place students all over the place, and that鈥檚 a challenge鈥攊t鈥檚 a challenge to get the right people as clinical supervisors and to ensure that everyone is getting a similar high-quality experience.鈥�
Questions about the political will of higher education to engage in such changes and to put a premium on responding to the needs of local districts, concern people like Ms. Listak, of the Urban Teacher Residency United group.
鈥淗ow are we going to know if [these changes] are happening, and how much is it going to cost? Those are important questions to residency programs,鈥� she said, 鈥渁nd they鈥檙e important to teacher education, period.鈥�
Cautions Voiced
The director of education policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute, Frederick M. Hess, raised several concerns about the agenda, as laid out in the report.
Among them is whether standardization in the preparation of teachers might jeopardize other innovations, such as new state-approved certification approaches run by Teach For America in Connecticut and by the High Tech High School in California.
鈥淭he huge challenge is to translate reforms into something that isn鈥檛 just a different set of checklists,鈥� Mr. Hess said.
And other observers wondered about the place of alternative routes鈥攂oth those inside and those outside of education schools鈥攊n the conversation about revamped teacher preparation. Though they are supported by the Obama administration and are being courted by NCATE, the report did not discuss their role extensively.
But such routes, said C. Emily Feistritzer, the president of the National Center for Alternative Certification, in Washington, have largely been developed with state and district approval, respond to a particular market need, and offer on-the-job training鈥攖hough enrolled candidates in them are typically not supervised in the manner called for by the panel report.
鈥淢ore and more colleges and universities have seen the light and created clinically based programs,鈥� Ms. Feistritzer said. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e called alternate routes.鈥�
