Few Americans may know about the Grand Challenges for Engineering鈥攆rom making solar energy affordable to ensuring access to clean water鈥攂ut the students at on the campus of North Carolina State University are getting to know them firsthand.
The set of 21st-century challenges, devised by the National Academy of Engineering, serves as a frame and inspiration for the curriculum at this school, one of a relatively small but rapidly growing number of STEM-focused schools cropping up across the country.
At a time of heightened national attention to improving education in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, the development of such schools has gained momentum as a strategy to boost knowledge and interest in the subjects.
While STEM schools historically have tended to target the top math and science students in a state or district, the new wave appears to have a broader reach, with many of the schools aimed especially at serving groups underrepresented in the STEM fields, such as African-American, Hispanic, female, and low-income students.
Just this academic year, new STEM schools have opened in a number of states, including Arizona, New York, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
The school at N.C. State, a partnership between the university, the 147,000-student Wake County district, and the nonprofit North Carolina New Schools Project, stresses project-based learning and the integration of topics across content areas.
In its first year, the school identified five of the 14 Grand Challenges for Engineering as the connective curricular tissue.
鈥淏y doing a thematic approach, I think you can hook the kids,鈥� said Principal Rob Matheson. 鈥淭he kids can get into solving challenges. ... They鈥檙e really global issues, like access to clean water.鈥�
At a ribbon-cutting ceremony last month, Lt. Gov. Walter H. Dalton, a Democrat, made clear that the school has ambitions beyond its walls. 鈥淵ou鈥檙e going to be an anchor school,鈥� he said. 鈥淵ou鈥檙e going to be a model for others.鈥�
鈥楢 Term of Art鈥�
Creating STEM-focused schools is not a new idea. Some of the oldest campuses with a math and science emphasis date back decades, such as Stuyvesant High School and the Bronx High School of Science in New York City. The Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy is celebrating its 25th anniversary.
Experts say these highly selective schools play an important role in nurturing top talent, but that a vital national challenge鈥攁nd an economic imperative鈥攊s casting a far wider net to develop talent that might otherwise not be tapped.
鈥淭here is a large interest and achievement gap ... in STEM,鈥� said the President鈥檚 Council of Advisors on Science and Technology in a last year that called for 1,000 new STEM-focused schools over a decade. 鈥淭he underrepresentation of minority groups and women in STEM denies science and engineering the rich diversity of perspectives and inspiration that drive those fields.鈥�
There is not necessarily an agreed-upon definition for a STEM school.
鈥� 鈥楽TEM school鈥� is a new term of art,鈥� said Karl T. Rectanus, the leader of the NC STEM Community Collaborative, a public-private partnership in Raleigh that promotes effective STEM education.
鈥淭here are schools that define it very differently,鈥� said Barbara Means, a researcher at SRI International who studies STEM schools.
Some, she said, simply bring a more intensive approach to a traditional curriculum, beefing up the offerings and requirements in science, math, and related subjects. Others emphasize project-based learning and integrating ideas across disciplines. Still others may focus on a particular occupational theme, such as biotechnology.
Ms. Means and others warn, however, that some schools may add the label without making real changes.
鈥淎 commonality is there needs to be more STEM learning opportunities than in a conventional school,鈥� Ms. Means said. 鈥淭here needs to be a richer set of resources and a requirement that goes beyond the minimum in math and science.鈥�
Although there鈥檚 no official count of STEM schools, an SRI report identified 315 such public high schools as of the 2007-08 academic year.
Some states, including North Carolina, are making the growth of STEM schools a key part of their strategy to improve math and science education and better prepare students for the workforce.
In its successful bid for a federal Race to the Top grant, the to establish four STEM 鈥渁nchor schools鈥� to provide exemplary curriculum, serve as sites for leadership academies and teacher professional development, and be 鈥渢est beds for innovation.鈥�
June Atkinson, the state superintendent, tied the effort to economic development and ensuring the state can compete globally.
鈥淢any of the careers our students will have will need a good foundation in math and science and technology,鈥� she said.
The STEM school at N.C. State University has just 55 students, all 9th graders, but will add another grade each year. It鈥檚 also an early-college high school, with a five-year program allowing students to earn both a high school diploma and two years of college credit.
To apply to the Wake-N.C. State University STEM Early College High School, students must write two essays鈥攐ne describing a STEM-related experience鈥攁nd supply three recommendations, said Principal Matheson. Grades and standardized-test scores are also reviewed. Any Wake County student may apply, he said, but the goal is not to recruit top math and science students.
鈥淥ur target groups are underserved, underrepresented [populations],鈥� said Mr. Matheson.
About 70 percent of students are minorities (mostly African-American), half are girls, and 43 percent will be the first in their family to attend college, he said. Forty-five percent are eligible for a free or reduced-price lunch.
Students attend a daily seminar, plus three, 90-minute courses: a hybrid earth sciences and engineering class; Integrated Mathematics 1; and Humanities 1, a hybrid of English and world geography.
Clean Water
Mr. Matheson stressed that the school鈥檚 theme of the isn鈥檛 simply about learning in the STEM disciplines. Students explore other aspects, such as the economic, political, and ethical dimensions.
The teachers say they are enthusiastic about the emphasis on STEM and the Grand Challenges.
鈥淭here are ways for every discipline to fit into the STEM focus,鈥� said Tammy L. King, who co-teaches Humanities 1.
In August, the students in that class were reading Lord of the Flies. As a class project, students were tasked with writing survival guides that deal with strategies for coping with life when stranded on such an island, such as how to govern themselves, how to build shelters, and how to ensure access to food and clean water.
In the school鈥檚 science/engineering class, students were learning about fresh water issues, such as how to treat drinking water. On a recent day, they also were constructing topographical maps of an island.
鈥淲e鈥檙e all thinking about that 鈥榓ccess to clean water鈥� Grand Challenge and trying to make everything mesh,鈥� said Evelyn Baldwin, the co-teacher of the science/engineering class.
Another STEM high school just opened on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. An additional 19 schools, with support from the North Carolina New Schools Project, are this year taking on a new STEM focus.
Ohio鈥攚ith financial help from Battelle and the Seattle-based Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation鈥攈as supported the development of 10 STEM schools, part of the . (澳门跑狗论坛, which publishes 澳门跑狗论坛, also receives support from the Gates Foundation.)
鈥淭he idea was to create a STEM high school in each region [of Ohio],鈥� said Eric D. Fingerhut, a vice president at Battelle, a research and development organization based in Columbus, Ohio, that manages the network. 鈥淓ach school would serve a dual function: educating students in their own right, but then serving as a platform or hub that is generating the type of energy around improved STEM education that can spin out into the public schools ... and be a catalyst for innovation.鈥�
Admission is nonselective at the schools, with an emphasis on serving underrepresented and high-need populations.
鈥楩avorite Things鈥�
Texas has a growing alliance of like-minded schools, the , or T-STEM. It now counts 59 member schools, including nine new ones this fall.
The effort is a collaboration among philanthropies and state entities, including the Texas Education Agency, the governor鈥檚 office, as well as the public-private Texas High School Project.
Among the key features of T-STEM schools are small size, project-based learning, an integrated curriculum, and serving underrepresented students.
A recent SRI study found that in the 2008-09 year, T-STEM schools鈥� students scored 鈥渟lightly higher鈥� than matched comparison school peers on the state鈥檚 9th grade math exam, as well as 10th grade math and science tests.
鈥淲e actually have relatively little evidence around the effectiveness of STEM schools鈥� overall, said Ms. Means, the SRI researcher. She described the Texas data as 鈥渟howing some beginning positive effects in terms of test scores.鈥�
Ms. Means is leading a new research project, with funding from the National Science Foundation, to explore the feasibility of conducting a long-term, national study of 鈥渋nclusive鈥� STEM schools that target underrepresented populations. A key question, she said, is whether students at those schools retain interest in STEM fields and pursue college work and careers in them.
At the Wake-N.C. State STEM school, it鈥檚 too soon to tell what the 9th graders will end up doing, but some already have their eye on STEM careers. One said he wants to be an aerospace engineer, another a computer engineer.
鈥淚鈥檓 really into science and math and technology,鈥� said a third, 9th grader Vernon Ingram.
鈥淥ne of my favorite things is engineering,鈥� said freshman Richard Putney. 鈥淚 probably want to be in robotics or an audio engineer.鈥�
