One of the chief architects of the Common Core State Standards was named the next president of the College Board today and said one of his top priorities is to reshape the organization鈥檚 influential college-admissions test, the SAT, to better reflect the new standards.
David Coleman will assume his new duties on Oct. 15, replacing Gaston Caperton, who is stepping down after 13 years as the College Board鈥檚 president, according to an announcement from the New York City organization also known for its Advanced Placement program.
Until then, Mr. Coleman will continue his work with Student Achievement Partners, a group he founded with two others who served as lead writers of the common standards in mathematics and English/language arts.
The National Governors Association and the Council of Chief State School Officers led the initiative for shared standards, and facilitated the selection of writing and feedback panels that produced the standards, in consultation with teachers, content experts, states, and education companies such as the College Board and ACT Inc., in June 2010. (鈥淔inal Version of Common Standards Unveiled,鈥� June 2, 2010.)
The College Board鈥檚 choice marks a significant milestone in the common-standards movement, which now affects nearly 90 percent of the students in the United States, since 46 states and the District of Columbia have adopted the standards.
With $360 million in federal Race to the Top funds, all but five states are collaborating, in two groups, to design tests for those standards. Public institutions of higher education have pledged support to the idea of using a 鈥渃ollege-readiness鈥� cutoff score on those tests to allow students to skip remedial work and enroll in entry-level, credit-bearing courses. Leaders of that effort have been careful to emphasize that the common assessments will be used for course placement, not college admissions.
A Big Shift?
Mr. Coleman鈥檚 hope of reworking the SAT could play a role in moving the standards from a set of guidelines used in college course placement to one considered in college admissions. That, to Mr. Coleman, goes to the heart of the standards鈥� intention.
鈥淭he common core provides substantial opportunity to make the SAT even more reflective of what higher education wants,鈥� he said in an interview. 鈥淭he real value here is that if the SAT aligns more to the common core, we won鈥檛 be giving an assessment at the end of K-12 that鈥檚 out of kilter with what we demand at the end of the day. All that does is encourage last-minute test preparation and sudden adaptation. The instrument should measure the steady practice of the work you鈥檝e been doing.鈥�
He noted, though, that since the College Board is a membership organization that includes K-12 and higher education, any change in the exam would be done 鈥渋n partnership鈥� with that membership base and would have to be executed gradually to preserve the validity of test results over time.
Reworking the SAT to reflect key shifts in the standards, however鈥攕uch as focusing more on students鈥� ability to cite evidence for arguments and demonstrate conceptual understanding of key math concepts鈥攔epresents a potentially huge change with far-reaching implications, some in education circles said.
鈥淚t鈥檚 like someone saying we are going to change the formula for the Consumer Price Index,鈥� said one leader who asked not to be named because of a close association with higher education and the common standards. 鈥淚f the College Board is thinking about a redesign that links to the common core, that would have to be a pretty big shift.鈥�
Another area of focus for Mr. Coleman at the helm of the College Board will be finding ways to raise SAT scores even as the pool of test-takers grows more diverse. Each year when SAT scores are released, College Board officials note with pride that more traditionally underserved students are taking the test鈥攁 sign that disadvantaged students are aiming higher and possibly considering college. But such students also approach the test with weaker academic skills and tend to score lower.
Mr. Coleman said that one of his chief aims is to break that pattern by finding ways to better support teachers and students in SAT and Advanced Placement, so struggling students are better prepared to do well and promising underrecognized students are identified and encouraged to take on more rigorous work.
Role of Testing
The choice of Mr. Coleman drew a mix of applause and skepticism.
Robert Scott, the commissioner of education in Texas, who has known Mr. Coleman for more than a decade, described him as 鈥渙ne of the brightest minds out there, an absolute genius鈥� in thinking about what skills and knowledge schoolchildren need to thrive in college and in good jobs. But the two men differ sharply on how to advance those changes; Texas pointedly opted out of the common standards because it objected to the use of federal incentives, such as Race to the Top dollars, to promote adoption.
Some education activists saw in Mr. Coleman鈥檚 appointment the risk of creating too much uniformity in curriculum and tests.
The move represents 鈥渢he next logical step toward the College Board becoming the nation鈥檚 unelected school board,鈥� said Robert Schaeffer, a spokesman for the National Center for Fair & Open Testing, a Boston-based organization that cautions against overuse and misuse of standardized assessments.
鈥淭hey want to be a key player in designing curriculum and the assessments that measure it,鈥� he said. 鈥淭he K-12 marketplace is historically a fractured one, but with nearly all states adopting the common core, it is increasingly easy to sell national curricula, educational materials, and tests. Who elected the College Board? Where I live, we vote for our school board, and there are vigorous, contested issues around school policy. Who is the College Board accountable to?鈥�
For others, the College Board鈥檚 new leadership offers the promise of an alignment between K-12 and college expectations that has proved elusive.
鈥淭his is the first time in many decades that the College Board has picked someone to head it who really understands K-12 curriculum and how it needs to connect to higher education,鈥� said Michael W. Kirst, a Stanford University professor who has written extensively on college readiness and serves as president of the California state board of education. 鈥淭his could help [the College Board] have a bigger impact on K-12 curriculum in a way that reinforces the common core and helps link K-12 to college.鈥�
Catherine Snow, a literacy expert and professor at Harvard University鈥檚 Graduate School of Education who served on the validation committee for the common standards, said she is concerned that Mr. Coleman鈥檚 translation of the common standards into pedagogy often 鈥渙versimplifies and misinterprets鈥� good practice. For instance, in videos and public appearances, he has focused heavily on the need to radically reduce prereading strategies in literacy instruction, something that has touched off intense debate among educators.
Mr. Coleman is 鈥渁 powerful and effective figure in mobilizing what is clearly a step forward in thinking about academic standards,鈥� she said, but she thinks it鈥檚 best that he move away from serving as a leading voice on how they should be put into practice.
鈥淲hen the people who wrote the standards then jump in and do the direct instructional implications, they鈥檙e going to get tripped up. It鈥檚 hubris,鈥� Ms. Snow said. 鈥淢aybe this is a safer place for him, where he is farther away from that dialogue.鈥�
Including Teachers鈥� Voices
Mr. Coleman has been instrumental in building a set of learning guidelines that serve as 鈥渟tandards without standardization,鈥� said American Federation of Teachers President Randi Weingarten. She praised him in particular for ensuring that teachers were involved in drafting the standards, after their initial exclusion from those panels. 鈥淗e鈥檚 always been very interested in what teachers have to say and how they react to what he and others have put together,鈥� Ms. Weingarten said.
Because she sees Mr. Coleman as 鈥渢he conscience of the faithful interpretation of the common standards,鈥� Ms. Weingarten said she is concerned about who will fill that role once he leaves Student Achievement Partners.
鈥淗ow do we ensure that all the implementation aspects鈥攅nsuring teachers鈥� voices, good curriculum, and the time and tools teachers need鈥攁re faithfully adhered to?鈥� she said. 鈥淭his could default into another testing protocol like No Child Left Behind. We need to make sure all of these things happen.鈥�
With Mr. Coleman leading the College Board, higher education will have to be more engaged in learning about the common standards, said Jacqueline King, who is leading higher education engagement efforts for one of the two common-test consortia, the SMARTER Balanced Assessment Consortium.
鈥淚t will be much easier to get higher ed.鈥檚 attention and get them to consider that [the common standards and tests are] truly a K-12 matter that has implications for them,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t will up the ante on the conversations and introduce new complexity into the discussion about its implications.鈥�
Choosing a common-standards architect with 鈥渁 reformer鈥檚 instincts and an entrepreneurial spirit鈥� to lead the College Board will inevitably facilitate conversations about how the role of college-admissions exams could change in the face of the common assessments, said Michael Cohen, the president of Achieve, a Washington-based group that is managing one of the testing consortia, the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers, or PARCC and played a central role in the standards movement.
鈥淲hat I see happening in PARCC in our partnership with higher education is that these conversations about what kinds of evidence, data, assessment they need to make decisions are happening in new ways,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 inevitable that these discussions will spill over into what this means for the SAT.鈥�
A Changing Landscape
One of the questions he gets frequently from higher education, Mr. Cohen said, is whether the 11th grade common assessments鈥攚hich aim to measure college readiness鈥攚ill replace the SAT and the ACT. 鈥淚 tell them that [the common tests] are [course] placement tests, not admissions tests,鈥� he said. But the common core 鈥減rompts a lot of questions about tests and systems currently in place.鈥�
That said, don鈥檛 expect the College Board to become 鈥渢he implementation arm of the common core,鈥� Mr. Cohen said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 the colleges, not the College Board, that decide what they will use for admissions.鈥�
Along with Susan Pimentel and Jason Zimba, Mr. Coleman, 42, has been leading Student Achievement Partners鈥� work to develop supporting materials for the common standards, including a set of 鈥減ublishers鈥� criteria鈥� intended to guide the development of instructional materials. Those documents drew fire, however, for what some viewed as wading inappropriately into pedagogy. They have also triggered an intense debate about the role of prereading in literacy instruction, since Mr. Coleman has advocated a radical cutback in the use of such strategies. (鈥淪tandards Writers Wade Into Curriculum,鈥� August 10, 2011 and 鈥淐ommon Standards Ignite Debate Over Prereading,鈥� April 25, 2012.)
Before founding Student Achievement Partners in 2007, Mr. Coleman and Mr. Zimba founded the Grow Network, which sought to use test data to help teachers guide instruction. They sold that network to McGraw-Hill in 2005. Mr. Coleman worked on education issues as a consultant to McKinsey & Co., a global, management-consulting group, and studied English literature and classical education philosophy at Cambridge on a Rhodes scholarship. While an undergraduate at Yale University, he taught reading to high school students in an after-school program. As the president of the College Board, Mr. Coleman will earn $550,000 annually, plus another $150,000 in performance-based compensation, he said.
