Online instructors have more options in their arsenal than ever to help deliver and explain academic content to students鈥攂logs and wiki pages, social networks, and videoconferencing software, to name a few. But even the most experienced online instructors can struggle with which tool to use, when, and how.
The days of online classes delivered exclusively through discussion forums and e-mail are long gone, experts point out, and the formats of online-learning environments themselves are more diverse. In 鈥渧irtual classrooms,鈥� teachers have to facilitate collaborative learning online, while in 鈥渧irtual courses,鈥� much of the student learning is self-paced and independent.
So just which technology tools are best for which situations?
In the pioneering days of online learning, e-mail was the main means for delivering online courses. Now that e-mail has worked its way into almost all teaching, online students are dismissing its use as a relic of the past.
鈥淥ur students today think e-mail is pretty archaic,鈥� said Pam Birtolo, the chief learning officer of the Orlando-based , or FLVS.
Teachers should still correspond by e-mail in many cases, but Ms. Birtolo recommends that e-mail correspondence with students now be used largely as one-way communication, similar to a regular school鈥檚 morning announcements or hallway bulletin boards.
Teresa Scavulli, the senior director of Herndon, Va.-based K12 Inc.'s teacher-effectiveness division, said the for-profit online education company instructs teachers that 鈥渄ependency on e-mail as an intervention or a way to engage a student who is disengaged is not the appropriate use of it.鈥�
Instant Messaging
E-mail may be pass茅, but instant messaging remains a current and effective way of helping individual online students through a difficult portion of a course.
鈥淚 think IM is the lifeline,鈥� Ms. Birtolo said. 鈥淚f I were fortunate enough to be taking an algebra course online back when I was in high school, IM would鈥檝e been a big help.鈥�
In a virtual setting, teachers can hold IM 鈥渙ffice hours鈥� to be available to students at set times so they are not being bombarded with constant IM requests, said Ms. Scavulli. Teachers鈥� availability by IM can also have comforting psychological benefits, said Susan Lowes, director of research and evaluation at the at New York鈥檚 Columbia University.
鈥淓ven waiting 24 hours seems like a lifetime to a kid who is trying to get an assignment done,鈥� Ms. Lowes said. 鈥淭he feeling that you can get quicker access to the teachers seems to make a big difference for the kids.鈥�
Videoconferencing
The growth of Skype and other videoconferencing software has led to a recent explosion of classroom use. But online and hybrid teachers suggest that Skype collaboration also should have a project-based goal.
Teachers can also hold office hours via videoconferencing if students are equipped for it, said Dyane Smokorowski, an 8th grade English teacher and instructional technology specialist for the 5,000-student Andover public school system near Wichita, Kan.
Ms. Smokorowski sets no specific office hours with her students, but lets them know that she is less likely to be available for videoconferencing on the weekends.
Ms. Scavulli added that videoconferencing is one way an online instructor can foster a more personal connection with students.
Commercial webconferencing programs such as Elluminate can enable two-way videoconferencing while tying in instant messenging and discussion forums. But Ms. Scavulli suggests that the other features of webconferencing programs are so dynamic that video chatting can actually detract from the real focus of a webconference.
Some teachers may consider creating video or audio podcasts to demonstrate certain lessons that are harder to conceive in written text. While they may not be as interactive as live videoconferencing, their reusability makes them a great tool to utilize for lesson points that are consistently tricky.
Social Networks
Facebook, Ning, Twitter, and other social-networking websites provide platforms for some of the same kinds of collaborations that blogs or wikis do. But for online instructors, their biggest value may be in communicating beyond the course material.
While recent measures in some districts have restricted teachers鈥� social-networking interaction with students on public sites such as Facebook and Twitter, Ms. Scavulli insists good virtual instructors should pursue such relationships. Such an instructor, she said, is someone 鈥渨ho can create a video and show the students that he or she ... is very real.鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 about making sure you are connecting鈥� to the students, she said.
Teachers can also reach out to parents on social networks to provide a portal to class activities and discussions. Ms. Smokorowski鈥檚 class, for example, often tweets short messages about class visitors or other activities.
鈥淧arents are busy, too,鈥� Ms. Smokorowski said. 鈥淭hey want it short and sweet. 鈥楾ell me what鈥檚 up, and let鈥檚 move on.鈥欌��
Cellphones
The ability to call or text a student via cellphone may be the single most important communication tool in online instruction, experts in the field say. Because the demands of online learning are often very different from those in a traditional classroom, students can struggle to gain a connection to an instructor and lose interest. And the easiest way to rectify that isn鈥檛 online.
鈥淣ine times out of ten,鈥� Ms. Scavulli said, 鈥渁 situation can be quickly remedied if the teacher just picks up the phone.鈥�
Teachers can also send group text messages to inform students that a question has been posted online, or to individuals who are more comfortable with receiving advice that allows them to respond at their own pace.
Calling and texting can startle brick-and-mortar teachers, who often think of phone calls as a last resort and virtual learning as something that only happens online. But to be successful in an online environment, it鈥檚 something teachers should get used to, experts say.
鈥淭he phone is all about delivering the message that I care about you [the student], and let鈥檚 learn together, and let me facilitate learning your way,鈥� said Ms. Birtolo of the FLVS. 鈥淭he phone is getting to know you.鈥�
Blogs and Wikis
Collaborative websites like blogs and open-source wiki documents can enhance collaborative learning in the 鈥渧irtual classroom鈥� model. But, while often grouped together, the two aren鈥檛 the same, and both are often more about student communication than teacher communication.
Wikis are sometimes more research-oriented than blogs, according to research stemming from observations of 30 teachers across the nation, published in June by the Education Development Center鈥檚 , based in New York City. Blog entries are published chronologically and thus may be more aligned with teacher-led instruction, while wikis that can be edited by anyone at any time could be better suited for collaborative projects. And wikis that record who is adding what content help online teachers know which students are engaged.
鈥淚n a wiki environment, if [students] don鈥檛 join in, it鈥檚 as plain as the nose on your face,鈥� said Victoria Davis, a middle school teacher at the 400-student private, pre-K-12 Westwood Schools in Camilla, Ga., and a co-founder of the .
Flat Classroom Project students, who take part in the collaborative initiative from around the world, are asked to outsource different jobs in a project to different people using wikis only for communication. To create a video, one student might do the storyboarding, one the scriptwriting, and one the directing, all without ever maintaining live communication. The process is the most advanced form of online collaboration, Ms. Davis said, and helps students prepare for life in the 21st-century global economy.
On the other hand, the Center for Children and Technology鈥檚 research found blogs were used mostly to foster discussion and elicit prior knowledge, with a teacher posting questions or prompting discussions for students to leave comments about. They were also occasionally used for writing submissions.
Daniel Light, a senior research scientist for the center, cautions that any use of blogs or wikis must begin early during a virtual or blended class, and it must be consistent. He points to one English teacher in the study who created a writing blog in the middle of the term. Previously, students had submitted assignments in private.
鈥淚t silenced [students鈥橾 voice,鈥� Mr. Light said. The teacher 鈥渨orked so hard to create an environment where students trusted her with their work. She realized the blog was not going to work. ... You have to develop the norms to support it.鈥�
