Newly elected Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis 鈥攁nd on it are two people linked to efforts to weaken the teaching of evolution and climate change, among other topics.
One of them, Keith Flaugh, is the managing director of the Florida Citizens Alliance, a local advocacy organization which supports 鈥渋ndividual rights.鈥� In Collier County, Flaugh submitted dozens of objections to science textbooks, alongside three other residents also affiliated with the FCA.
鈥淢an-made global warming [is] presented as fact when it is still very much a theory!鈥� he wrote in one of the challenges. In another: 鈥淏ooks that treat evolution as a proven science are discriminating and bully children and families against their religious beliefs.鈥�
The petitions were made under a 2017 law that greatly expanded the ability of Florida residents to challenge and potentially remove textbooks and other teaching materials that districts adopt. Previously, such challenges were limited to parents of school-age children; now, any resident can make them. What鈥檚 more, an independent hearing officer has to hear and weigh in on the challenge before school boards make a final call on the materials.
Accompanying Flaugh on DeSantis鈥� transition team is Erika Donalds, the wife of the lawmaker who sponsored the curriculum-challenge law. Donalds also previously served on the Collier County school board, where she voted in favor of removing the materials Flaugh and others challenged in that county.
The First Wave
This summer, 澳门跑狗论坛 sent open-records requests to all 67 Florida counties to determine the scope of challenges in the 2017-18 school year, the first in which the new curriculum-challenge policy went into place. Of the counties that responded, seven had challenges, four of those challenges went to hearing officers, and three of them dealt with evolution and climate change. (Five counties still have not responded to our requests.)
The first story I wrote based on these records dealt not with science, but with history textbooks. And it鈥檚 not hard to see why those textbooks can be controversial. History is by its nature an interpretive discipline, one that evolves as scholars discover and contextualize new archival information. And people鈥檚 dispositions toward history are intimately shaped by the communities in which they鈥檙e raised. (In fact, as I argue in a companion story, how we teach history may be one of the reasons why we鈥檙e so civically divided these days.)
In theory, though, climate change, evolutionary science, and indeed all of science content shouldn鈥檛 face these problems: They are based on empirical study and verification. There is virtually no scientific disagreement that humans evolved and that evolution is responsible for the Earth鈥檚 diverse biology; similarly, few scientists dispute humans鈥� contributions to the warming of the earth. Nevertheless, ideological debates on these topics are rife. For nearly 100 years, the debate over evolution has been one of the most contentious in K-12 education. Climate change, though a newer issue, is right behind it.
The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that creationism cannot be taught in schools because it violates the establishment clause of the 1st Amendment of the Constitution. The most recent ruling was in 2005鈥檚 Kitzmiller v. Dover, which dismissed 鈥渋ntelligent design"鈥攖he idea that some biological structures are so complex they must have had some kind of creator behind them鈥攁s warmed-up creationism.
More Challenges Ahead?
Of course, it is not clear yet what DeSantis, Flaugh, or Donalds have in mind specifically for education. But at the very least, the dots are lining up here for a wave of new challenges. As I reported in my earlier story on the FCA, what separates it from other anti-evolution efforts is that these activists are working through the grassroots and training local activists in many counties. It鈥檚 not a stretch to assume that, with Flaugh and Donalds in a more powerful state role, people who share their views will feel emboldened to express them locally.
It鈥檚 possible that they will seek changes to the state textbook-adoption process, too; the FCA, in fact, backed a second bill that would have altered it, but that bill got stuck after legislators focused all their attention on school safety following the Parkland tragedy in February.
.鈥� The state鈥檚 science standards, last revised in 2008, are also due for a revision. (Elsewhere in the United States, evolution and climate-change battles sprung up over standards revisions in New Mexico, , and in just the past two years.)
Here鈥檚 a summary of the evolution and climate challenges in Florida and on the outcome of the challenges:
Collier County: Four residents submitted more than 250 individual objections to 18 science textbooks, primarily on how they presented evolution, the weather, and climate change. A hearing officer established the parameters for a special school board meeting and vote but did not issue a recommendation. On a 3-2 vote, the school board upheld the textbooks.
Martin County: Five residents challenged two of the district鈥檚 science textbooks, and requested that the district 鈥渄evelop curriculum that presents an objective case both for and against evolution.鈥� After the hearing, the hearing officer compared these complaints to the arguments in the 2005 Dover case. He recommended that the county reject the challenges. On a 3-2 vote, the school board voted to retain the books.
Nassau County: A single resident challenged three textbooks arguing that 鈥渂acteria to man evolution鈥� is not supported by science and that the material was 鈥渋nflammatory to every Christian.鈥� It sought to have the district place disclaimers on the books. A hearing officer oversaw the presentation of evidence at the hearing, but did not issue a recommendation. The district鈥檚 chief legal officer warned against a potential lawsuit if the books were thrown out, and the board voted to keep the materials in a 5-0 vote.
What鈥檚 interesting is that in two of these cases, petitioners came within one vote of winning their challenges. (It鈥檚 not clear what districts would have done if these challenges had succeeded. Florida鈥檚 science standards currently do require the teaching of evolution.)
Science advocates in the state are worried.
Brandon Haught, the communication director of Florida Citizens for Science, a group that has closely tracked the local challenges, that he鈥檚 particularly concerned about what happens if DeSantis prioritizes a review of the state鈥檚 science standards.
鈥淚f it is indeed a 鈥榗omplete review鈥� then I have no doubt that evolution and climate change will be heavily scrutinized in the science standards, especially if Flaugh and Donalds have any role,鈥� he wrote. 鈥淪trap in. The next few years are going to be a wild ride.鈥�
EPE Librarian Maya Riser-Kositsky provided research assistance.
Image: Getty
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