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Forty years ago next week, 37 words permanently changed the landscape of sports.

On June 23, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon signed into law of the Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibits gender discrimination in any federally financed education program or activity.

Title IX is far-reaching, but the law is most often associated with school and college athletics.

鈥淲e can safely say, of all the areas Title IX covers鈥攁nd it鈥檚 key to remember it鈥檚 more than athletics鈥攁thletics is probably the place where we鈥檝e seen the most visible strides,鈥� said Lisa Maatz, the director of public policy and government relations for the Washington-based American Association of University Women.

Russlynn H. Ali, the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 assistant secretary for civil rights, agrees and notes the irony that the word 鈥渁thletics鈥� does not appear in the text of the law.

Experts are unanimous that progress has been made toward the elimination of gender discrimination in high school athletics, based on participation figures alone, but they also say there鈥檚 still plenty left to do.

In 1971-72, the school year leading up to the passage of Title IX, 294,015 girls took part in high school sports, compared with nearly 3.7 million boys, according to the National Federation of State High School Associations, or about 3.4 million more boys than girls.

Fast forward to 2010-11, which yields the most recent available data, and that gap shrinks by more than 2 million, with nearly 4.5 million boys and 3.2 million girls participating in high school sports.

Still, the number of female athletes in the 2010-11 school year does not even match the number of male athletes from 1971-72, as Bernice Sandler, a senior scholar at the Washington-based Women鈥檚 Research and Education Institute, is quick to point out.

Girls made up 49.7 percent of the overall high school student enrollment in 1970鈥攅ver so slightly more than they do now, .

Ms. Sandler, who has been the 鈥済odmother of Title IX鈥� by The New York Times and played a critical role in its passage, acknowledged that she and other advocates at first did not realize athletics would even fall under its purview.

鈥淲e didn鈥檛 realize there was so much gender discrimination there,鈥� Ms. Sandler said in a recent interview. 鈥淲e figured it out in a few months, though.鈥�

Now, having opened up athletic opportunities to millions more girls each year, Title IX has made sports go from 鈥渁 freakishly rare part of girlhood to an absolutely typical part of girlhood,鈥� said Deborah Brake, a professor of law at the University of Pittsburgh.

Interest and Opportunity

Title IX allows schools to prove their athletic compliance in one of three ways, known as the 鈥�.鈥� They can provide a proportional number of athletic activities for boys and girls based on their overall school populations, prove they are increasing athletic activities for girls on a continuous basis, or prove they are satisfying girls鈥� interest in athletics.

鈥淩egarding the prong that talks about the interest and ability of women: At that point, the feeling was, women aren鈥檛 interested in athletics, so that would be just fine,鈥� Ms. Sandler said.

As the high school participation figures suggest, things unfolded just a bit differently.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 really been the big take-home lesson of Title IX,鈥� said Ms. Maatz. 鈥淚f you build opportunities for girls, their interest rises to match and exceed those opportunities every step of the way. Girls鈥� interest in sports is much broader than it was 40 years ago, and a big part of that was Title IX.鈥�

John Johnson, the communications director for the Michigan High School Athletic Association, believes that despite the 1.3 million-student gender gap in high school sports, many schools are maximizing opportunities for both genders.

鈥淚 think that鈥檚 really the end goal,鈥� Johnson said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not necessarily a number, although if everything was fifty-fifty, that would be the proverbial perfect world.鈥�

Mark Cousins, the athletic director for Texas鈥� University Interscholastic League, believes the gap will likely prove 鈥渄ifficult to bring down as long as football鈥檚 in the equation.鈥�

In the 2010-11 school year, roughly 1.1 million high school boys took part in football, while only 1,395 girls did, according to the national federation.

In 2005, under President George W. Bush鈥檚 administration, the Education Department鈥檚 office for civil rights issued a 鈥淒ear Colleague鈥� letter saying that schools could survey girls鈥� interest in athletics via email. Schools were allowed to equate a lack of response to a lack of interest under the guidance.

The Obama administration and instead required schools to assess interest through multiple measures, not just an online survey.

As the United States battles a youth-obesity crisis, the physical benefits of sports speak for themselves, advocates say.

Diana Parente, the director of Title IX operations for the 1.1 million-student New York City school system, believes that sports teaches girls how to lead a healthy life even after they graduate from high school.

鈥淲ith the obesity problem that鈥檚 currently facing the nation, it鈥檚 really important that kids aren鈥檛 just learning academics; they鈥檙e learning about a healthy lifestyle, too,鈥� she said.

Along with the District of Columbia, the New York City schools started offering female flag football as a varsity sport this past school year. The league featured about 500 girls on 29 teams throughout the city, according to Jennifer Blum, the supervisor of the league.

鈥淵ou can see how excited they get about it,鈥� Ms. Blum said. 鈥淵ou can see they want to bring home the trophies and score the touchdowns and get the interceptions. ... Watching these girls do that, it gives them so much confidence.鈥�

Legal Challenges

Research indicates other benefits from playing sports. A published in the June 2007 issue of Youth and Society Journal found that female high school athletes were 41 percent more likely to graduate from college within six years compared with their peers who did not participate in sports.

Meanwhile, research from the New York City-based Women鈥檚 Sports Foundation suggests that girls involved in K-12 sports are less likely to use illegal drugs or become pregnant in their teenage years. And a 2002 survey from the Opperheimer Funds and MassMutual Financial found that more than 80 percent of high-level women business executives reported having played sports in their K-12 days.

鈥淔or women trying to break through glass ceilings, understanding the language of sports is a really great way to breakthrough,鈥� said Ms. Maatz of the AAUW.

Throughout its 40-year history, Title IX hasn鈥檛 gone without challenges. The law arguably was dealt its biggest setback in 1984, when the U.S. Supreme Court鈥檚 ruling in limited the application of Title IX to educational programs or activities directly receiving federal assistance, effectively excluding most school sports programs.

Four years later, over a veto from President Ronald Reagan, Congress enacted the , which reversed the Grove City decision by expanding the coverage of anti-discrimination laws to cover entire educational systems.

At this point, experts say, the courts have well defined the scope of Title IX, though lawsuits continue to emerge, particularly challenging the application of the three-prong test to high school athletics. Title IX critics often argue that the proportionality prong amounts to a 鈥渜uota system,鈥� resulting in schools鈥� being forced to cut what are deemed minor sports for men.

鈥淭he three-part test imposes an assumption of illegality if schools aren鈥檛 balanced,鈥� said Joshua Thompson, a lawyer for the Pacific Legal Foundation, who represented the American Sports Council in a recent, albeit unsuccessful, Title IX lawsuit against the Education Department. 鈥淪chools are afraid that if they鈥檙e not in balance, that will raise a presumption of illegality.鈥�

鈥淚 think that athletic administrators have been blaming the law, but it鈥檚 really an administrative decision about how they鈥檙e going to be fair,鈥� said Nancy Hogshead-Makar, the senior director of advocacy for the Women鈥檚 Sports Foundation. 鈥淲hen institutions blame Title IX for their decisions, it鈥檚 unethical.鈥�

Ms. Ali, the head of the OCR, agrees. 鈥淲hen we do some digging, it鈥檚 not that those sports are being cut because of Title IX,鈥� she said. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e being cut because of the budget.鈥�

Resources and Facilities

Besides addressing the gap between boys and girls in high school athletics, Title IX advocates say many recent cases have focused less on equal opportunity and more on equal and fair distribution of resources and facilities.

鈥淓ven now, where we can credibly say we鈥檝e seen enormous strides in terms of girls in athletics, there鈥檚 still some smoke and mirrors being played,鈥� said Ms. Maatz. 鈥淚n efforts to mask that they鈥檙e not in compliance, schools do some fuzzy math with the numbers on their roster.鈥�

For instance, some schools may double- or triple-count the same female student-athlete if she participates on multiple teams, to help balance out the proportionality prong. Other cases involve inequitable distribution of resources, such as a girls鈥� softball team playing on a field that鈥檚 subpar to the boys鈥� baseball field.

Ms. Brake of the University of Pittsburgh cites scheduling discrepancies as well.

鈥淚t鈥檚 a Title IX problem if the boys are always scheduled for prime time and weekend nights, and the girls only get weeknights,鈥� said Ms. Brake. 鈥淵ou reinforce the reality of second-class status because the girls鈥� team won鈥檛 get as much fan support.鈥�

Ms. Maatz and others have called for congressional action for high schools similar to the 1994 Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act, which requires coed colleges and universities that receive federal funding to submit annual reports to the Education Department detailing the gender breakdown of their athletic programs.

Still, compared with 40 years ago, the K-12 athletics scene for girls has undergone a night-and-day transformation, according to advocates.

鈥淲e鈥檝e made a lot of progress because it was so awful,鈥� said Ms. Sandler. 鈥淲e鈥檝e gone from absolutely horrid to very bad, and that鈥檚 a lot of progress.鈥�