In the St. Paul public schools, 鈥減ullout鈥� teaching is frowned upon. Instead, 鈥渃ollaboration鈥� is the favored method when it comes to teaching English-language learners.
The approach鈥攁 mandate from the central office鈥攕eems to be working. For three of the past four years, the district has made adequate yearly progress for its English-language learners under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. And it has done so with a population that is primarily Hmong, a Laotian ethnic group that was first resettled in the Twin Cities in the late 1970s after the Vietnam War. As recently as two years ago, the district received more Hmong students from a camp in Thailand.
Michael D. Casserly, the executive director of the Washington-based Council of the Great City Schools, says the St. Paul district is 鈥渁mongst the best鈥� of 65 urban school systems in nearly closing the achievement gap between English-language learners and native speakers, based on his organization鈥檚 analysis of state data.
Over the past seven years, the district here in the Minnesota capital has revamped its programs for elementary students so that inclusion has replaced assigning English-language learners to a full-day English-as-a-second-language track or having an ESL teacher regularly pull them out of class. Now, mainstream and ESL teachers co-teach in the same classroom, which is not a commonly used method.
Many of the Hmong families living in St. Paul received refugee status because some had fought on the side of the United States in the Vietnam War, and were persecuted in Communist Laos after the war. Traditionally, the Hmong were farmers and had little experience with formal schooling. Another 2,000 Hmong students have enrolled in St. Paul schools since the 2004-05 school year, when they arrived from a refugee camp on the grounds of a Buddhist temple in Thailand named Wat Tham Krabok. (鈥淒istrict Shifts Strategies To Welcome Refugees,鈥� April 14, 2004.)
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Now, one in four of the district鈥檚 41,000 students are of Hmong heritage. Many U.S.-born Hmong don鈥檛 speak much English when they start kindergarten, so Hmong English-language learners include both American-born and newly arrived students. Of the district鈥檚 17,000 English-language learners, 9,800 are Hmong and 4,000 are Latino.
At the elementary level, the district concentrates its recently arrived English-language learners in 14 schools that have extra ESL teachers or bilingual staff. They are mixed with native English-speakers in all classrooms.
At Como Park Elementary School, longtime ESL teacher Margaret Farrell team-teaches with 1st grade teacher Steven Petrini in the morning and with a 2nd grade teacher in the afternoon. Each teacher in the team is responsible for all of the students.
One November morning, while Mr. Petrini goes over rituals such as naming days of the week, Ms. Farrell takes three 1st graders who are Hmong and speak English only in one- or two-word sentences into a separate classroom for a half-hour and reads to them. She calls the activity a 鈥減re-reading鈥� lesson, and has thought through how the exercise is tied to the curriculum that all children receive.
Ms. Farrell acquaints the two girls and a boy with the book When I Was Five by Arthur Howard. She highlights words such as 鈥渁stronaut鈥� and 鈥渂irthday,鈥� and tries to connect the book to their own experiences by having them talk about their birthdays.
Later, Ms. Farrell takes the helm of the class to teach a 鈥渨riter鈥檚 workshop鈥� using the same book. She occasionally calls on the three Hmong children from the pre-reading session, asking questions similar to those they answered earlier and encouraging them to take part in the whole-class experience.
Ms. Farrell then asks all of the children to work individually on 鈥渕e stories,鈥� 1st grade lingo for memoirs, about when they were 5 or 6 years old. She and Mr. Petrini circulate to help them.
St. Paul鈥檚 collaborative model, developed locally, is constantly updated. It鈥檚 mapped out in teacher handbooks, curriculum guides, a CD, and handouts with neat graphics. The district has even produced purple buttons that say, 鈥淕ot Collaboration?鈥�
One goal of the English-language-learner program is for teachers to provide instruction tailored to children with different needs, without the children even knowing it. Some teachers have resisted, says Valeria Silva, a native of Chile and the director of such programs. While the approach was started with teachers who volunteered, she says, eventually all elementary school teachers were required to use that model. 鈥淪ome people left the district,鈥� she said. 鈥淭hey wanted to do pullout.鈥�
The district mandates that each day, every elementary school teach an hourlong writer鈥檚 workshop, an hourlong reader鈥檚 workshop, and a 30-minute workshop for vocabulary and spelling. Each workshop involves a mini-lesson and then a time for pupils to work in small groups or individually while teachers help them. That setup allows teachers to provide the differentiated instruction that students need, according to Ms. Silva.
A common curriculum for mathematics is required in elementary schools and the district is phasing in a workshop approach to that subject. Eight ESL teachers work out of the district鈥檚 central office to monitor the progress of English-language learners and coach teachers at the elementary and secondary levels.
At the secondary level, however, the district uses a more common approach to teaching English-language learners, separating them out, at least at the lowest levels of proficiency, into a separate ESL track.
The big push in middle and high schools, through training and coaching teachers and writing centralized curriculum, has been to help educators go beyond teaching students conversational skills to teaching 鈥渁cademic English.鈥� The curriculum is aligned both with state academic-content standards and standards for developing proficiency in English.
English-language learners in the first two of five levels of English proficiency attend mostly classes taught by ESL teachers. After that, they are put in regular classes, except for receiving one ESL class a day for about two years.
Pao Yang, who came from the camp in Thailand, attends classes in the track for beginning English-language learners at Humboldt Senior High School. After two years in the United States, he takes classes at level 2.
While his classmates represent many countries鈥擡thiopia, Mexico, Myanmar, Somalia, Togo鈥攖he 15-year-old interacts mostly with fellow Hmong from the camp. Mr. Yang understands a lot of English, but speaks only a few words at a time and draws often from a limited pool of expressions, such as 鈥渁 little鈥� and 鈥渘ot right now.鈥�
He attended school for five years in Thailand before he dropped out to help his family to carry water and cook meals. The oldest of eight children, he spends a lot of time outside of school caring for his younger siblings.
English-language learners in St. Paul are catching up to native English-speakers on key measures of academic achievement. The state is phasing out the Minnesota Basic Standards Test as its high school exit exam. It also requires students to pass a writing test.
*Click image to see the full chart.
NOTE: Figures have been rounded.
SOURCE: St. Paul Public Schools
All day long, Mr. Yang is intent on learning the difficult academic words that are thrown at him. 鈥淭erritories, territories,鈥� he repeats aloud during a lesson on Canada鈥檚 geography. 鈥淨uotient,鈥� he says quietly six times to himself, after learning the word in Algebra 1 class.
Some experts think the district needs to do more for English-language learners at the secondary level.
Bee Lee, the program manager for Hmong enrichment programs and a liaison with Hmong parents for the district鈥檚 department of English-language learners, contends that most mainstream secondary teachers aren鈥檛 using strategies to help second-language learners. That affects students in levels 3 to 5 of English proficiency, who mostly attend regular classes, he says.
Ms. Silva acknowledges that her department鈥檚 focus has been on training teachers in the ESL track at the secondary level. At some point, she says, colleges and universities must step up to the plate and turn out mainstream teachers prepared to engage second-language learners.
Zha Blong Xiong, an associate professor in education and human development at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, believes that while ESL classes are necessary for newcomers, they can stifle the motivation to learn for U.S.-born children from Hmong families, who are particularly sensitive to being singled out at school.
鈥淎 lot of my students who come to the university鈥攅very one of them talked about the damage to the psyche, despite some good experiences in ESL,鈥� he said, adding that he was referring to American-born Hmong.
In St. Paul schools, he says, a lot of second-generation Hmong get stuck in ESL through middle school and even high school.
At the request of 澳门跑狗论坛, district officials ran an analysis to see if Mr. Xiong鈥檚 perception was right. They found that 2,484 of the 3,029 students who enrolled in St. Paul schools as English-language learners in kindergarten and who are now in grades 7-11 still haven鈥檛 met the district鈥檚 criteria for being fluent in English. Nearly 2,000 of them are Hmong.
Also, 9,800 of the district鈥檚 11,800 students of Hmong heritage are classified as English-language learners.
But that鈥檚 not the same as being stuck in ESL classes. The data show that 22 percent of those 3,029 who enrolled in kindergarten as ELLs and are in grades 7-11 are still receiving help designed for English-language learners, with a much smaller percentage in the upper than lower grades. If students carry the ELL designation for a long time, St. Paul educators are likely to provide other services for them, such as special education or extra help with reading, says Heidi Bernal, the assistant director of the district鈥檚 department for English-language learners.
The St. Paul district reclassifies children as fluent in English when they score proficient in reading and writing on the state鈥檚 English-language proficiency test and also either score at the 60th percentile on the Stanford Achievement Test or pass the state鈥檚 high school exit exam.
鈥淚t is a high bar because we want to make sure we are supporting kids until they can be successful in the mainstream classes,鈥� Ms. Bernal said.
She acknowledged that the high standard for fluency may mean that St. Paul has more students with higher skills counted in the subgroup of English-language learners than other cities, and thus may have an easier time showing that the gap between the students and native speakers is being closed.
Hmong who work for the district believe there鈥檚 still a lot of room for improvement in serving students from their community.
Mo Chang, who has a master鈥檚 degree in teaching and learning, is the charter school liaison and special-projects coordinator for the district and a member of a 鈥渃abinet鈥� that meets regularly with Superintendent Meria Carstarphen. As a Hmong refugee who enrolled in St. Paul schools in the late 1970s when she was 12 and was assigned to ESL classes, she recalls how it felt to receive such treatment.
鈥淚 remember being pulled out of class all the time鈥擨 think it was three times a week,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t made me feel like I鈥檓 dumb and don鈥檛 know anything. Kids think maybe something is wrong with you if you need extra services.鈥�
Along with Ms. Silva, Ms. Chang was part of a delegation that visited the camp at Wat Tham Krabok to prepare for the students鈥� resettlement in the fall of 2004. The two district officials were also on the committee that helped set up language centers at schools, in which children received intensive English instruction and learned about school culture. The centers were closed after one school year, and those children are now in regular programs for English-language learners.
Ms. Chang is pushing for the district to open a magnet school with a focus on Hmong culture and language. Some schools already teach a period of Hmong language, but unless the district does more, it will continue to lose students to charter schools that have a Hmong focus, she says. Already, St. Paul has two such charter schools, and one more is scheduled to open.
When her own, American-born son was still assigned to ESL classes in St. Paul schools in junior high school, Ms. Chang says, she removed him from the classes, against the advice of teachers.
Mr. Lee, who is also a Hmong refugee who arrived in the United States at a young age, has helped establish the district鈥檚 first Hmong bilingual program, offered at Jackson Preparatory Magnet School.
The Hmong have been in the United States in large numbers only for 30 years, he says, but he鈥檚 dismayed that many children and youths, including his 4-year-old son, can鈥檛 speak Hmong well. Mr. Lee plans to enroll his son in the bilingual program at Jackson next year.
A big part of Mr. Lee鈥檚 job is to tell Hmong parents how to navigate the school system.
It鈥檚 not easy, he says, in part because the district is slow to change to accommodate Hmong parents. Too many schools still send out written information, rather than call, even though many Hmong parents can鈥檛 read and write, he says. And while school officials provide a Hmong interpreter at meetings, they often use jargon that Hmong parents don鈥檛 easily understand, even in translation.
Sometimes Mr. Lee feels as if he bears all of the district鈥檚 Hmong students on his shoulders, he says during a stop to eat egg rolls at a Hmong marketplace here. He pulls his shoulders up toward his neck, and says, with anguish, 鈥淢y shoulders are too narrow for it.鈥�
When conflicts come up between the district and Hmong parents, he says, the parents turn to him and say, 鈥� 鈥楤ee, you鈥檙e the inside person, how come you can鈥檛 help me?鈥� 鈥�
All he can really do, he says, is explain to them how things work in the United States.
