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Big changes to the way teachers are evaluated and paid, expanded access to charter schools, and increased education funding are major issues on state ballot initiatives and referendums as election season enters its final weeks.

Some of the education-related ballot items, like those in Arizona and California, are part of the perennial effort to obtain more financial support for schools and seek to help K-12 school systems recover in part from the Great Recession and subsequent economic stagnation.

But other proposals鈥攕uch as ones in Idaho and South Dakota鈥攔epresent resistance from teachers鈥� unions and other groups to changes they view as antagonistic to public education, such as reduced collective bargaining rights or a bigger emphasis on standardized testing.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 sort of what we鈥檙e seeing in general with popular referenda right now, ... that sort of pushback,鈥� said Jennie Bowser, a senior fellow at the National Conference of State Legislatures, in Denver, who is tracking ballot initiatives and legislative referendums in 2012.

Teachers Fight Back

In Idaho, teachers are leading the effort to roll back key initiatives passed in 2011 with the backing of Republican lawmakers and state Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Luna, collectively called the 鈥淪tudents Come First鈥� laws by supporters.

The three laws up for repeal鈥攊n Propositions 1, 2, and 3, respectively鈥攚ould strip teachers of collective bargaining rights except on salaries and benefits; establish a pay-for-performance system for teachers based on student test scores and other factors; and provide for more classroom technology, such as requiring every high school student access to a laptop computer.

But unlike in Ohio and Wisconsin, where collective bargaining rollbacks sparked fierce backlash, the highest-profile issue in Idaho could be the classroom technology at the heart of what opponents have labeled the 鈥淟una Laws.鈥�

Teachers in the 11,000-member Idaho Education Association, the state affiliate of the National Education Association, are upset that their salaries were reduced to pay for the technology requirement, and many feel it won鈥檛 actually help students, said Karen Echeverria, the executive director of the Idaho School Boards Association.

The school boards鈥� association officially supports Proposition 1, but has not taken a position on the other two ballot items. A 鈥測es鈥� vote is a vote to uphold the law in question.

In contrast to the technology issue, most voters don鈥檛 comprehend collective bargaining issues, said Ms. Echeverria.

Foes of the three laws are running ads saying the law that Proposition 3 seeks to repeal will be 鈥渞eplacing teachers with technology,鈥� Ms. Echeverria noted, while the state Republican Party is organizing grassroots support to keep the laws.

Individual voters, meanwhile, will likely decide to support or reject all three laws as a package, she predicted.

鈥淚 think it is very partisan right now,鈥� Ms. Echeverria said.

Like its Idaho teacher counterparts, the South Dakota Education Association, an NEA affiliate with more than 6,000 members, successfully mobilized enough public support for a popular referendum, Referred Law 16, that would repeal an education law with several components, signed by Gov. Dennis Daugaard, a Republican.

Included in the law is the elimination of state-sponsored teacher tenure in 2016; the establishment of a teacher-bonus system; and the creation of a new teacher-evaluation system, half of which is based on quantitative measures.

Sandy Arseneault, the union鈥檚 president, acknowledged that the union faces an uphill battle, given the Republican control of both the legislature and the governor鈥檚 office. But she also said many voters believe the law linking a portion of teachers鈥� evaluations to student test scores would ultimately hurt students.

鈥淥ur new law says that we will test every student, every grade level, every year, every subject,鈥� Ms. Arseneault said.

But Tony Venhuizen, a spokesman for Mr. Daugaard, said that the portion of new teacher evaluations requiring quantitative measures need not rely solely on test scores. He also said Mr. Daugaard was motivated to change the state鈥檚 public schools because of largely flat scores on ACT college admission and the National Assessment of Educational Progress for decades.

鈥淭he push from every level of government is to have greater accountability, greater metrics. Testing is becoming easier to administer; 鈥� this is really the way things are going at every level鈥� he said.

Choices on Spending

Both Arizona and California have ballot items to increase education spending. But voters face a potentially complicated choice, since each state features two such items that aim to boost school aid.

In Arizona, Proposition 204 would make permanent a 1-cent sales-tax increase set to expire in 2013; the increase was originally approved through the passage of a ballot measure in 2010. Supporters of this year鈥檚 measure say public schools would receive at least $625 million in new funding in the first year the proposition takes effect.

Ann-Eve Pedersen, who chairs the committee leading the Proposition 204 push, said that when the tax increase was passed in 2010, voters supported making the increase permanent, although doing so at the time would have taken a two-thirds vote of the legislature, in the absence of another proposition placed before voters.

鈥淚t will not fully make up for what has been lost. But it prevents future cuts, and it begins the future reinvestment in eduction,鈥� Ms. Pedersen said.

But Proposition 204鈥檚 opponents, like state Secretary of the Treasury Doug Ducey, say it would extend a regressive tax that hurts the business community, the middle class, and the working poor.

Mr. Ducey, a Republican, is supporting another education item on the ballot, Proposition 118, that he stressed has the support of both the business community and the Arizona Education Association, the state鈥檚 31,000-member NEA affiliate. Proposition 118 would increase the flow of trust fund dollars derived from public lands in the state to public schools, by setting aside a certain percentage of those dollars for the public sector. Supporters say schools would receive $62 million next year, $10 million more than under the current formula, if Proposition 118 is approved by voters.

California Duel

In neighboring California, voters are faced with dueling ballot initiatives that would both shore up school funding.

Proposition 30 is backed by Gov. Jerry Brown, a Democrat. It would provide additional funding to schools by raising taxes on annual incomes of over $250,000 for the next seven years. Mr. Brown has said that the state will have to cut K-12 aid by roughly $4.8 billion in the middle of this school year if it fails, since the state鈥檚 budget assumes the proposition will pass.

Proposition 38 would also raise taxes on personal income, although the minimum income subject to a tax hike is much lower, $7,316. Proposition 38, which is backed most prominently by civil rights lawyer and activist Molly Munger.

Proposition 38, is pitched as guaranteeing that the new revenue鈥�$10 billion annually, according to supporters鈥攚ould go to classrooms, not to 鈥淪acramento politicians.鈥�

Recent polling by the University of Southern California鈥檚 Rossier School of Education shows 55 percent support for Gov. Brown鈥檚 favored proposal, although it erodes slightly when they those polled view ads for both sides related to the proposition.

Dominic Brewer, a professor and vice dean of research at the Rossier School of Education, said that while the public generally supports a school-spending hike, voters believe that waste and state mismanagement of public schools require major, nonfinancial reforms.

鈥淭hey鈥檙e not expecting to see dramatically smaller classes or a lot more extracurricular activities, or arts programs being reinstated. 鈥淭hey [have] a very 鈥榣et鈥檚 stop bleeding鈥� mentality鈥� when it comes to school finances, Mr. Brewer said.