President Barack Obama campaigned on a message of change, but when it comes to K-12 education, he appears to be walking in the policy footsteps of his recent predecessors, including George W. Bush.
Mr. Obama is sounding themes of accountability based on standards and assessments. He鈥檚 delivering tough talk on teacher quality, including a call for performance-based pay. And he鈥檚 promoting an expanded charter school sector.
To be sure, his economic-stimulus package shows he is ready to pump far more money into education than Mr. Bush did. And Mr. Obama says he opposes private school vouchers, a consistent Bush agenda item.
Still, some observers see little difference between the two so far鈥攁nd aren鈥檛 happy at the similarities.
鈥淗e is operating almost in a straight line from President Bush,鈥� said Diane Ravitch, an education historian at New York University, who co-writes a for edweek.org. She has criticized core elements of Mr. Obama鈥檚 K-12 agenda, such as his enthusiasm for the charter sector and what she worries is an overreliance on standardized testing to judge schools and teachers.
The four most recent occupants of the White House have sounded similar themes on education.
鈥�Accountability, flexibility, tougher standards, a results-oriented system鈥攁ll of these have got to be out there on the table.鈥�
President George H.W. Bush
(Remarks at the education summit in Charlottesville, Va., Sept. 27, 1989)
鈥淎ll successful schools have followed the same formula: higher standards, more accountability, so all children can reach those standards.鈥�
President Bill Clinton
(State of the Union Address, Jan. 27, 2000)
鈥淲e will insist on high standards and accountability because we believe that every schools should teach and every child can learn.鈥�
President George W. Bush
(Presidential radio address, Jan. 3, 2004)
鈥淲e鈥檙e seeing what children from all walks of life can and will achieve when we set high standards, have high expectations, when we do a good job preparing them. ... [W]e will cultivate a new culture of accountability in schools.鈥�
President Barack Obama
(Address to the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, in Washington, March 10, 2009)
鈥淥bama is, in effect, giving George W. Bush a third term in education,鈥� said Ms. Ravitch, who served as an assistant secretary of education under the first President Bush.
Alfie Kohn, an education author and longtime critic of standardized testing, echoes that assessment.
鈥淭his is what passes for quote-unquote 鈥榬eform鈥�: an intensification of the status quo that reflects the sensibility of politicians and corporate executives rather than educators,鈥� Mr. Kohn said.
He warns that if Mr. Obama holds to that pattern, his agenda may pose a challenge for some of his natural constituencies.
鈥淎 lot of liberals and those on the left desperately want to believe that Obama represents a qualitative change, not just in education, but in all kinds of domestic and foreign-policy issues,鈥� Mr. Kohn said. 鈥淎nd even as many of them become slowly disenchanted, the political issue becomes: How hard do we push?鈥�
But Andrew J. Rotherham, a co-director of the Washington-based think tank Education Sector, argues that the president is sending the right signals, from promoting charter schools to pushing on teacher quality and 鈥渋mproving accountability, not jettisoning it.鈥�
He said that even while he believes Mr. Obama鈥檚 critics are wrong to suggest there is little difference between him and Mr. Bush on education, those hoping for a 鈥渞adical departure鈥� will be disappointed.
鈥淭here was a lot of overlap between Bush I and Clinton, and between Clinton and Bush II,鈥� said Mr. Rotherham, a former aide to President Bill Clinton. 鈥淣ot surprisingly, there鈥檚 going to be a lot of overlap between Bush II and Obama.
鈥淭hat says less about any of them per se than the direction education reform has been going for well over a decade.鈥�
Charting a Course
Analysts caution that it鈥檚 still too soon to know exactly where President Obama will come down on education. The key, they say, is how the Obama administration translates its rhetoric into action and detailed policy prescriptions.
For instance, how serious will the administration be in enforcing the education accountability demands in the recently enacted stimulus plan? How will it seek to define performance pay? And what specific changes does Mr. Obama have in mind for the upcoming reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act?
Leading teachers鈥� union officials, at least publicly, sound receptive to most of the president鈥檚 ideas.
Randi Weingarten, the president of the 1.4 million-member American Federation of Teachers, said Mr. Obama has laid out a 鈥渧ery broad, comprehensive, and thoughtful agenda.鈥�
The president is wading into touchy territory for the unions with his advocacy of expanding charter schools and promoting performance-based pay, themes he sounded on the campaign trail.
鈥淚 know that these conversations sometimes are uncomfortable for us to have, but we鈥檙e willing to have them,鈥� Ms. Weingarten said when asked about Mr. Obama鈥檚 discussion of performance pay.
She and other union officials say that Mr. Obama鈥檚 election brought about a critical change that isn鈥檛 about policy or money. It鈥檚 a belief鈥攔einforced by the president鈥檚 public statements鈥攖hat teachers and their unions will have a seat at the table in policy discussions.
鈥淗e鈥檚 going to listen,鈥� said Anne T. Wass, the president of the Massachusetts Teachers Association, an affiliate of the 3.2 million-member National Education Association. 鈥淭here wasn鈥檛 very much trust in President Bush as far as our issues, and very little access.鈥�
鈥楾he Same Old Debate鈥�
The considerable attention President Obama has paid to education since taking office has surprised many observers, especially given the relatively minor role the issue played in the 2008 campaign and the focus on the economic crisis.
The president and U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan have made clear that they view the economic-stimulus law, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act鈥攚ith some $115 billion in aid for precollegiate and higher education鈥攁s a means to launch education plans from improvements in standards and data-collection systems to performance pay. The unprecedented, one-time infusion of federal aid is being touted not only as a lifeline for schools but also a bargain of more money in exchange for substantive changes. (鈥淪timulus Scale Seen as Issue,鈥� Feb. 11, 2009, and 鈥淔irst Education Stimulus Aid Flows to States,鈥� April 8, 2009.)
Last month, Mr. Obama outlined his education agenda in broad strokes during an address to the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, setting the stage with a fairly stark portrait.
鈥淸W]e鈥檝e let our grades slip, our schools crumble, our teacher quality fall short, and other nations outpace us,鈥� he said.
Some critics say Mr. Obama was unfairly negative and used flawed information to make his case.
For instance, he said that U.S. 8th graders have 鈥渇allen to ninth place鈥� in math. Although the 2007 results for the , or TIMMS, do confirm that ranking, it was an improvement from the 2003 U.S. ranking of 15th place. In 1999, the United States ranked 19th out of 38 nations.
The president appeared to be on solid statistical ground in some other areas, however. He said that 鈥渏ust a third of our 13- and 14-year-olds can read as well as they should,鈥� which seems to refer to the 31 percent of 8th graders rated 鈥減roficient鈥� in the 2007 results for the .
He also lamented the 鈥渟tubborn鈥濃�攁nd widely recognized鈥攁chievement gap between African-American and Hispanic students and their white peers.
Mr. Obama has been generally consistent in his stated education agenda since taking office, reiterating much that he said during the campaign. That includes improvement proposals touching on every aspect of the U.S. education system, from early childhood to college and the workplace.
He has trumpeted his goals repeatedly, from his address to Congress in February to a virtual town-hall meeting on March 26. But he articulated his vision most extensively in his March 10 speech in the nation鈥檚 capital to Hispanic business leaders.
鈥淸W]hat we get here in Washington is the same old debate ... more money versus more reform, vouchers versus the status quo,鈥� Mr. Obama said. 鈥淲hat鈥檚 required is not simply new investments, but new reforms. It鈥檚 time to expect more from our students. It鈥檚 time to start rewarding good teachers, stop making excuses for bad ones. It鈥檚 time to demand results from government at every level.鈥�
On the K-12 front, Mr. Obama called on states to develop stronger academic standards and better student assessments, and urged a move toward common standards across states鈥攁 point he did not make on the campaign trail. He talked of extending the school day and year, and increasing assistance for dropouts. He promoted efforts to recruit, prepare, and reward teachers.
In addition, Mr. Obama called for more innovation in schools, and pointed to some charter schools as exemplars. Going beyond his campaign plan to increase federal aid for charters, he also urged states with charter caps to lift them, provided those states ensure 鈥済reater accountability鈥� and have plans to 鈥渃lose charters that are not working.鈥�
The president carefully couched his rhetoric in ways that make it akin to a Rorschach test, with something for almost everyone.
He said he wants 鈥渢ougher, clearer鈥� standards, but also assessments that 鈥渄on鈥檛 simply measure whether students can fill in a bubble.鈥� He wants more 鈥渆ffective鈥� charters, but also tougher action to close those that fall short. He wants not only to hold teachers accountable, he said, but also to treat them like professionals.
Political Balancing Act
鈥淥bama has been very artful with this from the very beginning,鈥� Christopher T. Cross, a veteran education expert who was an assistant education secretary under the first President Bush, said of his ability to deliver multiple messages. 鈥淭here鈥檚 enough in there that, depending on where you sit, you can see something you stand for.鈥�
As a result, his education vision has managed to appeal to a wide range of education policymakers and analysts.
鈥淗e is saying a lot of things that sound all too familiar to me,鈥� said former U.S. Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings, pointing to Mr. Obama鈥檚 backing of teacher incentive pay, charter schools, and high standards to help close achievement gaps. 鈥淚 want to sing right along.鈥�
John P. Bailey, a former aide to President George W. Bush on education and labor issues, said that while he has been encouraged, it shouldn鈥檛 be surprising to hear familiar themes coming from the new president.
鈥淲hat it shows, to me, is there is an emerging consensus around some real bipartisan, center-oriented reforms,鈥� Mr. Bailey said.
Indeed, leading congressional Democrats on education, including Sen. Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts and Rep. George Miller of California, were partners with the Bush administration in drafting the bipartisan No Child Left Behind Act eight years ago, though they later complained bitterly that Mr. Bush was not willing to fund it adequately.
President Clinton鈥攖he previous Democrat to hold the office鈥攚as also a champion of standards and accountability, and signed into law major changes to federal policy that helped pave the way for NCLB. In addition, he was an early and vocal proponent of charter schools, and pushed for new demands on states and districts to improve teacher quality.
For his part, President George H.W. Bush offered an agenda that included advocating national goals and standards across states and providing seed money for 鈥渂reak the mold鈥� schools.
Still, the ideas Mr. Obama is embracing don鈥檛 sit well with everyone.
Alex Molnar, an education professor at Arizona State University, said that while he finds merit in some of Mr. Obama鈥檚 plans for early-childhood and higher education, he sees little to like in the current administration鈥檚 K-12 agenda, whether it鈥檚 the 鈥渇ascination with standards and assessments鈥� or the embrace of charter schools.
鈥淗e鈥檚 just served up a plate of leftovers: leftover ideas, leftover ideology, and I must say, he鈥檚 serving leftovers of food that wasn鈥檛 very good to begin with,鈥� Mr. Molnar said.
Ms. Wass of the Massachusetts Teachers Association, said that while she supports many of Mr. Obama鈥檚 plans, she is 鈥渓ess enthusiastic鈥� about performance pay.
鈥淚f it means paying individual teachers based on student test scores, ... we would have a hard time ever compromising on that,鈥� she said.
Secretary Duncan has said test data would be one component of performance-pay plans.
Bruce Reed, the president of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council and formerly President Clinton鈥檚 chief domestic-policy adviser, argues that the vast sums President Obama has secured for education through the stimulus package will help build the political leverage he needs with unions and others to achieve his agenda. The administration estimates that the stimulus money will help avert hundreds of thousands of teacher layoffs. ( April 8, 2009.)
鈥淒on鈥檛 underestimate the value of money, especially in these hard times,鈥� Mr. Reed said. 鈥淎 leader鈥檚 job is to push the envelope and bring everybody along, and that鈥檚 what Obama鈥檚 trying to do.鈥�
But Frederick M. Hess, the director of education policy studies at the conservative-leaning American Enterprise Institute, a Washington think tank, isn鈥檛 so sure what the president will get for all the money being committed.
鈥淲hat I see is lots of new money,鈥� he said, 鈥渁nd I see a whole lot of ambiguity when it comes to which of these changes are actually going to be anything meaningful.鈥�
