澳门跑狗论坛

A new generation of education advocacy groups has emerged to play a formidable political role in states and communities across the country. Those groups are shaping policy through aggressive lobbying and campaign activity鈥攁n evolution in advocacy that is primed to continue in the 2012 elections and beyond.

Bearing names meant to signal their intentions鈥擲tand for Children, Democrats for Education Reform, StudentsFirst鈥攖hey are pushing for such policies as rigorous teacher evaluations based in part on evidence of student learning, increased access to high-quality charter schools, and higher academic standards for schools and students.

Sometimes viewed as a counterweight to teachers鈥� unions, they are also supporting political candidates who champion those ideas.

Though the record of their electoral success is mixed, such groups鈥� overall influence appears to be growing, and it has already helped alter the landscape of education policy, particularly at the state level.

The rise of such high-powered advocacy groups focused on school issues marks a shift from a decade ago, when few education organizations other than teachers鈥� unions explicitly engaged in political activity beyond statehouse lobbying.

鈥淯ntil your group plays in campaigns or politics, you don鈥檛 really have the seat at the table,鈥� said Colorado state Sen. Mike Johnston, a Democrat whose campaigns have been supported by both Stand for Children and Democrats for Education Reform, or DFER.

鈥淭eachers already had a group through their unions, superintendents and school boards through their associations, and there was no other group,鈥� he said. 鈥淣ow, the 鈥榬eform鈥� community has one that is supposed to represent kids. And whether you believe that or not, there is definitely another seat at the table.鈥�

All the new advocacy groups promote variations on the idea that they represent students鈥� interests over those of adults. They are generally associated with education policy overhauls based on standards, test-based accountability, and some free-market principles in areas such as teacher training.

While supporters paint their ideas as an extension of civil rights liberalism, and detractors label their approaches as neoliberal or even conservative, it is a philosophy that doesn鈥檛 easily correspond to the political landscape. (Two of the groups examined in this series of stories, StudentsFirst and Stand for Children are nonpartisan; DFER supports only Democrats.)

Sophisticated Tactics

From charter school associations to unions to school funding plaintiffs to the PTA, advocacy is not new to the K-12 education world. Where these new-breed national education advocacy groups differ from most past efforts is in their breadth, scope, and increasingly sophisticated approaches to shaping public policy.

They are active across dozens of states and, although the specifics vary by group, are engaged in subjects running the gamut from early-childhood education to vouchers to teacher evaluation. From an organizational standpoint, the groups exist as a number of related entities, each of which differs in the type of activity it can engage in under federal and state campaign-finance laws.

They operate as 501(c)3 nonprofit organizations under the federal tax code, which are limited by law to educational activities. But the groups have also established or are related to 501(c)4s鈥攇roups that can engage in lobbying and limited partisan politics鈥攁nd state-based political organizations focusing on elections and campaigns.

The New York City-based Education Reform Now, a (c)3 and (c)4, is best known for its related political action committee, DFER.

With their tiered structures, the groups can take advantage of the benefits of each entity to, for instance, publish a paper on teacher evaluation using (c)3 funds, lobby in support of a teacher-evaluation bill with (c)4 resources, and help elect candidates likely to support such a bill with political action committee funds.

鈥淎n organization like ours can take the work we do educating folks and then advocate in a very aggressive and strategic way to make those changes,鈥� said Jason Williams, the director of Stand for Children Massachusetts. 鈥淵ou can鈥檛 simply do that with a traditional 501(c)3; legally and strategically, you have to do it through these other channels.鈥�

Though the approach appears to be relatively recent to K-12 education, it is not new to American politics: Consider other single-issue advocacy groups like the Sierra Club, on environmental policy, or the National Rifle Association, on Second Amendment rights. They maintain a variety of entities and have been active in politics since the 1960s.

鈥淚t鈥檚 pretty much been a defining characteristic of the modern political process that organizations that have common interests, be they political and partisan or legislative, can adopt lots of different approaches to trying to influence the policy discussions,鈥� said Bob Biersack, a senior fellow for the Center for Responsive Politics, a Washington-based organization that tracks federal campaign spending. 鈥淗ealth-care, energy, environmental advocacy groups of all kinds鈥攖hey have PACs, they make independent expenditures, and some of them have been very aggressive in these areas for 30 years or more,鈥� he said.

Why have education advocates been slower to embrace such tactics?

Kenneth K. Wong, a political scientist and professor of education at Brown University, points to the decentralized nature of American schools as having generally kept education isolated from national politics until the school reform movement of the 1980s, followed by the standards and accountability movements of the 1990s and beyond. In successive waves, governors, mayors, and eventually legislators and presidents began to claim education reform as a major campaign issue, he said.

As a result of that phenomenon, 鈥渢here is an incentive for the foundations and the advocacy and service-delivery stakeholders to protect the policy conditions,鈥� Mr. Wong said. 鈥淲hat we are seeing is part of a larger interlocking policy system, and that was not here a couple of generations ago, when education was not on the national policy map.鈥�

The rise of more voices in the debate, he added, also portends a more complex advocacy landscape with multiple centers of influence鈥攁 change in a field that traditionally has been dominated by administrators鈥� groups and teachers鈥� unions.

Teachers鈥� unions alone spent $60 million in 2010 state contests, according to the Helena, Mont.-based National Institute on Money in State Politics. And they have embraced many of the lobbying and campaign tactics now being used by the education advocacy organizations.

A Look at the Players

Stand for Children, established in 1996, has the longest history of the newer groups seeking to wield political influence in education policy. The Portland, Ore.-based organization prides itself on community organizing, with some 240,000 鈥渟upporters鈥� or volunteers nationwide.

Defining the Players

Advocacy can take many forms, ranging from grassroots lobbying, to direct lobbying of legislators, to explicitly political activities such as campaigning. Each of the entities operated by the advocacy organizations is subject to different restrictions under the U.S. tax code and campaign-finance laws.

A Tiered Structure
All three of the groups examined in this series use a multitiered structure allowing for flexibility in shaping advocacy activities.

SOURCES: Alliance for Justice; 澳门跑狗论坛; Stand for Children; StudentsFirst; Democrats for Education Reform/Education Reform Now

Its early years were focused on a swath of children鈥檚 issues. The group did not make specific policy changes in public schools a priority until about a decade later, when it ramped up its state-level political efforts, beginning with Oregon legislative races in 2006. The organization has since established PACs or other state-based political organizations in eight states.

鈥淲e鈥檝e evolved from being focused on any and all children鈥檚 issues ranging from dental care and mental health ... to a focus specifically on education and on education policymaking, in addition to funding,鈥� said Jonah Edelman, the founder and chief executive officer of the group. 鈥淔rom the initial conception of Stand for Children, there was a recognition of the need to ensure that elected officials supported children鈥檚 needs, and to make that possible, we needed a 501(c)4. PACs are really just an extension of that need.鈥�

Democrats for Education Reform was set up in 2005 with the express goal of helping to elect politicians who were less beholden to teachers鈥� unions, according to DFER鈥檚 executive director, Joe Williams.

鈥淭here were these pedigree Democrats getting [pummeled] in education, and they were horrified,鈥� said Mr. Williams, a former reporter for the New York Daily News. 鈥淚t seemed like there was a battle to be fought in the Democratic Party.

鈥淭here were enough pragmatic Democrats out there to try to pull them together and to make a statement,鈥� he said. 鈥淎nd there are candidates that desperately need money for elections, and if you present yourself as a reasonable partner, they are willing to listen.鈥�

Initially focused on congressional races, DFER is now also involved in state and local contests.

StudentsFirst was begun in 2010 by Michelle A. Rhee, the former chancellor of the District of Columbia public schools, whose battles over the city teachers鈥� contract made national headlines. It partners with or has set up political organizations in at least three states.

Ms. Rhee also credited a lopsided political arena with her entry into campaign politics.

鈥淵ou have these special interests that have tremendous resources they put into elections and campaigns,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 think unions and textbook manufacturers are all doing what they鈥檙e supposed to. The problem is that we don鈥檛 have a balance in that dynamic, and you end up with a very skewed policy landscape and environment.

鈥淲e wanted to start an organized national interest group constantly pushing for the interest of kids.鈥�

The entry of the high-profile, if polarizing, Ms. Rhee and StudentsFirst has had both positive and negative implications for her allies. Their policies have gained more attention, but the groups themselves have been put under a microscope by those critical of their interests.

鈥淚 knew things would never be the same鈥� with Ms. Rhee鈥檚 entrance onto the scene, said Mr. Williams of DFER, whose group initially provided support to StudentsFirst. 鈥淏ut I thought she would bring more attention to the issues. I mean, she can go on 鈥極prah.鈥� She can bring education reform to a national audience.鈥�

Wealthy Donors

Much public interest has focused on the sources of the groups鈥� funding, which has grown significantly in just a few years.

An 澳门跑狗论坛 review of financial disclosures shows a degree of confluence among sources of funding to the groups鈥� educational arms, especially from private foundations. (See story, Page 19.)

The advocacy organizations also appear to have succeeded in growing local networks of like-minded donors. Stand for Children鈥檚 (c)3 wing, known as the Leadership Center, counts among its donors at least seven individuals who have worked at or have connections to Bain Capital, a Boston-based financial-services firm. (Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney co-founded Bain Capital.)

Among them are Jonathan Lavine, a managing director at Bain鈥檚 credit affiliate, who with his wife has given at least $800,000 to Stand for Children since 2006 and who sits on the board of directors of Stand for Children鈥檚 (c)3 organization, and Joshua Bekenstein, Bain鈥檚 managing director, who with his wife has given at least $1 million since 2006. (Mr. Lavine declined an interview request through a spokeswoman, and Mr. Bekenstein did not return a message left with an assistant.)

Contributions to a variety of the advocacy groups鈥� political wings show a similar lineup of individuals, again mainly concentrated in the financial sector. Donors to Stand for Children鈥檚 Illinois PAC, for instance, include Paul Finnegan, the co-chief executive officer of Madison-Dearborn Partners, a Chicago-based private-equity firm, and John Canning, the chairman of the same firm. The two gave $500,000 and $250,000, respectively, to the PAC. (Mr. Finnegan referred a reporter to Stand for Children for comment, while Mr. Canning did not return an email request for comment.)

Financial managers are also among the contributors to DFER鈥檚 federal PAC and New York state PAC, its two largest. Among them are Charles H. Ledley, an analyst at Highfields Capital, a Boston-based investment firm, who has given at least $145,000 to DFER since 2006, according to campaign-finance records.

Mr. Ledley said he became interested in education policy in the late 1990s, after a consulting firm he was working for did a pro bono analysis for the Boston school system. The analysis used a preliminary form of 鈥渧alue added鈥� statistical analysis showing a strong correlation between certain teachers and student achievement. But the document didn鈥檛 galvanize policy changes in the district, he said.

Mr. Ledley said he found a similar dynamic at work during a stint in New York City, in which he was acquainted with the leaders of several high-performing charter schools that, he said, had problems getting lawmakers to support them.

鈥淩ather than having the system come in and say, 鈥楲et鈥檚 replicate this,鈥� you had people aiming their guns to blow it up,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t became clear there was a political problem, and DFER seemed a very high-impact way to affect the issue.鈥�

Asked about Stand for Children鈥檚 donors, Mr. Edelman said that his group raises money in much the same way as it organizes parents: 鈥淏uilding relationships, discussing values and vision, talking about the organization, answering questions, assessing alignment, and discussing whether it makes sense to work together.鈥�

The DFER group offered a pragmatic explanation for why it has tapped wealthy donors: The quickest way to raise money is to go to the people who have it. 鈥淲e鈥檙e one PAC,鈥� Mr. Williams of DFER said. 鈥淢ost PACs take money from whomever they can. You generally don鈥檛 want to refuse it.鈥�

The names of some reported funders have raised eyebrows in the K-12 education community, which is often associated with the liberal or progressive end of the political spectrum.

In his 2011 book Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America鈥檚 Schools, the journalist Steven Brill reported that StudentsFirst had received $50 million in funding from Rupert Murdoch, whose News Corp. is known for its ownership of conservative-leaning news outlets and has been embroiled in a scandal over the news-gathering practices of some of its British newspapers. News Corp. records do not show a donation to the group, but Mr. Murdoch could have made a personal donation. A spokesman for News Corp. did not return a request for comment, and StudentsFirst does not discuss its donors.

Even so, because many Democrats have moved closer to what are often seen as predominantly Republican positions on such issues as charter schools, teacher evaluation, performance-based pay, and, in limited cases, even voucher programs, it is not easy to characterize the bent of the new advocacy groups鈥� supporters in strictly political terms.

And two of the major funders of StudentsFirst鈥檚 New Jersey partner organization straddle the partisan divide. One of them, David Tepper, is a Democrat, while the other major supporter, Alan Fournier, is a Republican. Both men also work in the financial sector. They declined interview requests from 澳门跑狗论坛.

Hidden Funding

Sources of funding to these newer groups鈥� lobbying wings are generally harder to trace.

While PACs are obligated to reveal the sources of their funding under federal campaign-finance rules, 501(c)4 groups are not typically under similar requirements. (For state and local elections, specific disclosure rules and timelines vary by state law.)

Stand for Children is unusual in that it issues an annual report that details major donors to its (c)3 and (c)4 wings. StudentsFirst, by contrast, appears to have taken advantage of campaign-finance rules exempting it from disclosure. The group would not disclose the sources of its donations for this story.

Critics argue such rules allow the groups to use their 501(c)4 arms as a way of spending money on political purposes, including by funneling dollars to PACs, without having to divulge donors.

鈥淚 think a lot of groups are moving to (c)4s because it gives them flexibility in structuring activities with minimal reporting requirements. Voters and the public and parents and students have no idea who is giving money,鈥� said Karen M. White, the political director for the 3.2 million-member National Education Association, which has been largely critical of the advocacy groups鈥� activities. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e dressing up electioneering communications and reporting it as a lobbying message.鈥�

The StudentsFirst group, for instance, gave $126,000 from its (c)4 wing to its PAC in Tennessee in 2011. Because of that move, none of the group鈥檚 subsequent expenditures in Tennessee races, totaling about $117,000, can be traced to particular donors.

Political contributions are only part of the story. The DFER organization, for instance, has served as a middleman of sorts, encouraging Democratic donors to contribute directly to candidates, especially in states in which it does not operate a PAC.

鈥淲e鈥檙e essentially bundlers,鈥� Mr. Williams said.

DFER sends email notices to its members touting one candidate the organization labels its 鈥渞eformer of the month鈥� and asking for donors to support the candidate financially. The emails reach 35,000 people nationwide.

Much of the criticism of the groups鈥� activities draws on their wellspring of support from wealthy individuals. Some observers worry that too few individuals are supporting organizations with similar policy aims, thus giving them a disproportionate say.

鈥淚n my mind, it鈥檚 not a bad thing for people to be able to speak, whether through a megaphone or not, but it鈥檚 a bad thing if the overall ability of policymakers to hear different voices or constituencies becomes compromised,鈥� said Kevin G. Welner, a professor of education at the University of Colorado Boulder. (A policy center Mr. Welner also directs receives funding from the National Education Association.)

Questions linger about whether, and to what extent, funders鈥� political or policy leanings exert influence on the groups鈥� advocacy positions and campaign activities. The education advocacy groups鈥� leaders contest the implication that they are beholden to their funders鈥� political or policy agendas.

鈥淚f there is any belief out there that I allow anyone to dictate what I do, they are sorely mistaken,鈥� Ms. Rhee of StudentsFirst said. 鈥淚f a funder wants to be the one driving the decisionmaking, they should do it through some other vehicle.鈥�

But Mr. Williams of DFER acknowledged that while 鈥渘o one鈥檚 ever said, 鈥楬ere鈥檚 money, you have to do X,鈥� the dollars won鈥檛 come in unless I鈥檓 putting together a compelling argument鈥� about what the group plans to do with them.

Political scientists agree that while it鈥檚 unlikely funders have specifically demanded certain policy outcomes, their support could come with a type of implied deliverable.

鈥淭here鈥檚 much more pressure to show the payoff and show it quickly, and more of an atmosphere created where these groups are competing with one another for the attention of what they fear may be a fickle community,鈥� said Jeffrey R. Henig, a professor of political science and education at Teachers College, Columbia University. 鈥淭hese folks have opportunities to put money where they want to, and many of them are not necessarily patient.鈥�

Moving Forward

Debates about motives are likely to persist, but this much is clear: With the rise of the newer wave of education advocacy groups, the K-12 field is crowded with more powerful players than ever before.

The scaling-up of education advocacy is not without risks and challenges鈥攁 fact the groups鈥� backers say they are keenly aware of.

鈥淣one of them is content to work in just three or four or five states,鈥� said Ed Kirby, a senior program officer for the Walton Family Foundation, which provides support for Education Reform Now, Stand for Children, and StudentsFirst. 鈥淎t what pace do you execute that growth plan in a manner that allows you to hang on to quality work in each of the places you engage in?鈥� (The Walton Family Foundation also underwrites coverage of parent-empowerment issues in 澳门跑狗论坛.)

And while both Stand for Children and DFER have several years of campaign experience under their belts, Ms. Rhee鈥檚 group, the newest of those three advocacy organizations, has participated in a limited number of elections and has yet to be tested on a larger scale.

Mr. Henig of Teachers College suggests that all the groups will be under pressure to build and generate community buy-in and support for the legislative changes they champion, something he views as a potential stumbling block.

鈥淭he school 鈥榬eformers鈥� see a lot of their opposition still residing in those local arenas, where teachers鈥� unions and parents have been active,鈥� he said.

鈥淚 think they went through a period where they thought the power of their reforms and the evidence that these were superior would be sufficient to generate broad political support,鈥� he said. 鈥淎nd as it鈥檚 turned out, it鈥檚 both the case that the evidence is more subtle, more contested than they imagined, and that the general public has proven slower to get enlisted in these broad movements than they might have expected.鈥�