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More than two years after President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act, the far-reaching federal education law is beginning to bear down on school district performance.

After a focus mainly on individual schools, 2004 is the first year that most states are beginning to identify and assist entire districts that are 鈥渋n need of improvement鈥� for failing to meet systemwide test-score targets for two straight years.

Some districts with a history of low performance had already been designated as needing improvement under the previous reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. But this year marks the first time many districts could bump up against the designation under the new law鈥檚 more stringent formula, which holds schools and districts accountable for the performance of low-income students, racial and ethnic minorities, and other subgroups.

As states identify struggling systems, the law also dictates that states help them meet their performance targets, which the law calls adequate yearly progress.

For the states that have reported their districts鈥� AYP status, performance is all over the map. While just 18 of California鈥檚 1,056 districts are listed as needing improvement, nearly one- third of Rhode Island鈥檚 36 districts have been named. Just one of Wyoming鈥檚 48 districts is listed.

Then again, it鈥檚 not always easy to spot districts that miss their targets. Sometimes, no school falls short of making adequate progress, but the district fails when categories of student scores are combined.

As for the type of extra help available to districts, that varies as well, because many state programs are still works in progress. Some states are building on existing school assistance efforts, while others have created new levels of services to districts. Still other states are starting from scratch.

鈥淭here鈥檚 a lot of activity out there,鈥� said Patricia F. Sullivan, a deputy executive director of the Washington-based Council of Chief State School Officers. Just about every state education agency, she said, is 鈥渄igging fairly deep鈥� to rework its assistance to districts and schools.

In addition, states have varying legal authority to intervene in school districts, and officials in many states are grappling with what their proper role should be.

Under the federal law, each district listed by its state as needing improvement must draw up an improvement plan that includes scientifically based research practices and ways of improving student achievement. Such districts must spend 10 percent of their federal Title I money on focused professional development for teachers and other school staff members. (鈥淒ata Show Schools Making Progress on Federal Goals,鈥� Sept. 8, 2004.)

Ultimately, districts that fail to improve could face a variety of sanctions, from losing federal dollars to a state takeover.

A Customized Approach

In some ways, Rhode Island is ahead of the curve. It is entering its third year of working primarily with districts rather than individual schools to raise achievement. Eleven of the state鈥檚 36 districts are targeted for improvement under the federal law.

鈥淲hat switched was our emphasis on the district as the agent for change, and we were already committed to that when NCLB hit us,鈥� said David V. Abbott, an assistant state education commissioner.

Rhode Island developed seven standards for district performance and established 鈥渁ction teams鈥� to work in each of those areas, such as school leadership. Mr. Abbott said the idea is to help districts focus on a host of problems, and to highlight the types of work that need the most attention.

鈥淲e鈥檙e trying to be much more diagnostic and make sure we鈥檙e not filling you up with medicine you don鈥檛 need鈥攁nd depriving you of treatments and supports that you do,鈥� he said.

The program grew out of financial necessity, Mr. Abbott said.

鈥淯nlike North Carolina [which sends full-time assistance to struggling schools] or Kentucky, which has been able to put master educators on school sites 鈥� we knew we would never have that kind of budget,鈥� Mr. Abbott said.

Similarly, Virginia had a number of district-level technical-assistance programs before the federal law came along. The state simply consolidated the programs to comply with the additional demands of the No Child Left Behind Act, said Charles Pyle, a spokesman for the Virginia Department of Education.

Virginia has listed 103 districts as needing improvement, and their needs vary greatly. 鈥淲e have one school division that did not make AYP because it missed 15 of the 29 [AYP] objectives,鈥� Mr. Pyle said. 鈥淲e had 28 that missed one.鈥�

For example, only one of 19 schools in Rockingham County missed its test-score targets, but the entire 10,900-student district, which surrounds the city of Harrisonburg, failed to make AYP.

District Superintendent John H. Kidd explained that the lone school failed to meet one AYP target: reading scores for special education students. The district missed AYP for another single category: combined reading scores for students from low-income families.

One of the federal law鈥檚 finer points is that while an individual school may lack a sufficient number of students from a particular subgroup to be counted for AYP determinations, totals from those schools can be added together and counted in assessing the district.

Mr. Kidd said that district leaders across the state are mostly content with the level of state assistance, such as principal-coaches, their schools receive. He added, however, that increased state funding to help provide assistance for struggling students and more guidance on the use of Title I money are also needed.

Shifting Gears

The federal law is forcing California to identify districts that need academic improvement, even though the state has worked for years at rescuing individual schools.

鈥淲e鈥檙e taking that school intervention work and essentially elevating it鈥� to the district level, said Wendy Harris, California鈥檚 assistant superintendent for school improvement.

The Golden State works through 58 county education offices, which form local assistance teams of retired educators and others who work with schools and districts. Some private contractors also help districts, Ms. Harris said.

California鈥檚 18 districts identified as needing improvement鈥攕ome of which are appealing those designations鈥攈ave varied needs.

Since the district-assistance teams began working with districts this summer, they have learned that helping districts is far different from helping individual schools, Ms. Harris said.

Many California districts in need of improvement are small or high-school-only districts.

Ohio also has been working with districts for some time, but like many other states, it has reorganized its school improvement efforts because of the federal law to give each district its own prescription for its particular problems.

鈥楩ollowing Through鈥�

School-level technical assistance doesn鈥檛 mean much if the districts that operate the schools don鈥檛 improve, said Mitchell D. Chester, Ohio鈥檚 assistant state superintendent for policy and accountability.

鈥淲e鈥檝e felt that the best chance for schools to improve is if their districts are working with them,鈥� he said. Forty-nine districts in Ohio are listed as needing improvement, and most are on the state鈥檚 emergency watch list.

Districts with schools identified as needing improvement get the first priority in Ohio for attention from state improvement teams. Twelve school improvement teams work in various regions of the state. They鈥檙e based at Ohio鈥檚 intermediate educational agencies, including county service centers.

鈥淲e do try to customize, and that鈥檚 part of the reason we went to the school improvement teams,鈥� Mr. Chester said. 鈥淚n one district, it may be special education that鈥檚 the challenge. 鈥� In another district, it may be that the math program is really stuck in the mud.鈥�

Ohio鈥檚 eight large urban districts鈥攊ncluding Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Columbus鈥攁re working directly with the state on grant proposals and other efforts toward raising student achievement, he said.

Officials in some states limited by manpower and budgets say they鈥檙e doing what they can to help districts improve.

Indiana has formed a senior technical-assistance team within its state education agency to consult with districts and schools deemed in need of improvement under the federal law. The team works with districts to help schools that need to raise test scores.

鈥淲e鈥檝e got like 12 people. They can鈥檛 possibly do everything, everywhere,鈥� said Suellen K. Reed, the elected Republican state superintendent in Indiana.

But the members of the team visit schools and districts to consult with district leaders, Ms. Reed said. She hopes that the state agency will make 鈥渟ure that we鈥檙e following through鈥� on services that offer practical help that districts really need, she said.

Carina Wong, the assessment and accountability director for the Pennsylvania Department of Education, said her state isn鈥檛 鈥減utting a heavy hand鈥� on the 216 districts identified for improvement.

Pennsylvania may put together a special effort, though, to help districts struggling the most, many of which the state had identified as 鈥渆mpowerment districts.鈥�

鈥淒istricts want to say, 鈥榃e missed our special education [target]; how can you help us?鈥欌�� Ms. Wong said, but the state does not have enough resources to help them all.

Others have more work to do.

Idaho continues to focus most of its attention on schools, not districts, in need of improvement, said Allison Westfall, a spokeswoman for the Idaho Department of Education. The state, which has a strong tradition of local control, is still unfolding its school improvement program.

鈥淲e鈥檙e really starting from scratch,鈥� Ms. Westfall said. 鈥淪ince we鈥檙e starting from the beginning, the focus is on the schools.鈥�

Senior Editor Lynn Olson contributed to this report.