鈥淩esponse to intervention鈥� as a model for boosting student achievement has taken off like wildfire.
When it comes to research on how best to implement the process for students in middle and high school, though, the flame abruptly fizzles out. There鈥檚 little RTI research that is specific to secondary schools, although it has been well studied at the elementary level.
But many schools are forging ahead. In Colorado, spurred by a state law that promotes RTI鈥攁n instructional model that links lessons, or 鈥渋nterventions,鈥� of increasing intensity with frequent monitoring of student progress鈥攖hey鈥檙e taking on the challenge of making RTI work for older students.
At the 1,800-student Palmer High School in Colorado Springs鈥� District 11, teachers started three years ago by pulling together all the resources that existed in the school. The math department already had a program for students who were slipping. Literacy programs were in place for students who had reached high school with poor reading skills.
The school organized those resources into tiers of increasing intensity, while adding other types of interventions for students. To fit everything into the school day, Palmer High started a tutoring center that is open and staffed during all periods.
Students are able to go to a regular class, then to the center for more instruction and reinforcement in a particular subject. Even students who are doing fine in their classes, such as those enrolled in the school鈥檚 thriving International Baccalaureate program, have started coming to the tutoring center for extra help.
To screen for students who might need interventions, instructors use results from Measures of Academic Progress, a computerized assessment program aligned to state standards and administered to middle school students in the district. Results on tests like the Colorado State Assessment Program are also used as a diagnostic tool, as are teacher and parent recommendations.
This school year, Palmer High is trying out a new project: Teachers have each been asked to identify and track the progress of 10 low-performing students, so that they can pay close attention to the interventions those students receive, and then determine whether those steps are ultimately resulting in better grades.
鈥淚 think we鈥檙e still in the beginning phases of it. We still have a ways to go, but we鈥檙e doing some stuff that we think is pretty good,鈥� said Tom Kelly, the principal of the high school, whose enrollment is 70 percent white, 16 percent Hispanic, and eight percent black. Palmer High is one of five high schools in the 28,000-student District 11. In all, six school districts serve this city, located near Pikes Peak.
RTI is a model of instruction promoted in the regulations that accompanied the 2004 reauthorization of the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. It is often represented by three tiers, which include different levels of instruction by intensity. Progress monitoring, usually with short assessments, is used to determine whether a student is responding to the interventions, or lessons.
The first, or 鈥渦niversal鈥� tier, is intended to represent instruction and services available to all students. The second tier represents targeted, short-term instruction for students who need more help to master a subject. The third tier represents the most intensive level of instruction. A student who needs that level of help is considered to possibly need special education services.
This method of identifying children for special education differs from models that rely on students鈥� performance on an IQ test. (Colorado plans to drop IQ tests as a method of determining learning disabilities by August.)
Students at Palmer High School who were identifi ed as at risk of failing algebra were offered help in its tutoring center. More frequent visits to the center were associated with better grades.
SOURCE: Palmer High School
However, identifying Colorado children for special education still will be a task primarily borne by elementary schools, said Ed Steinberg, the state鈥檚 director of special education.
鈥淲e don鈥檛 have the authority to mandate the systemic RTI efforts that you see in high schools,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hat, in some ways, has taken on a life of its own.鈥�
RTI has been promoted heavily at the state level, particularly by Commissioner of Education Dwight D. Jones, he said.
鈥淗e鈥檚 been using his bully pulpit when he talks to superintendents, saying this is what鈥檚 best for kids,鈥� Mr. Steinberg said. He added that the changes schools are making are gratifying to see. 鈥淚t鈥檚 the power of a good idea,鈥� Mr. Steinberg said.
Indeed, educators at Palmer High are beginning to see some promising results, although they are very preliminary. For example, an examination of grades for students in Integrated Algebra and Geometry shows that students who received intervention through the tutoring center were earning better grades after several weeks, compared with peers in the same course who didn鈥檛 use the center.
No one at the school downplays the continuing struggles with fitting RTI into the sometimes-inflexible world of high school. In fact, Palmer High educators are able to offer a comprehensive list of challenges. Mr. Kelly said there鈥檚 still a need to find appropriate interventions for students who continue to struggle even after receiving tutoring.
For high school students, social and behavioral concerns play a large role in the success of any given intervention. Monitoring the progress of students is another hurdle, said Margaret Chumbley, a literacy-resource teacher at Palmer. With the number and frequency of some tests given to students, 鈥淚 do wonder if they鈥檙e getting better at the test, or if they鈥檙e actually getting better at reading,鈥� she said.
Integrating science and social studies into an RTI framework has been harder than working with language arts and mathematics. And making time for teachers to get together to talk about individual students is difficult.
Despite the list of concerns, response to intervention offers clear positives, said Jeremy Koselak, one of the leaders of the RTI effort at the high school. The lines between regular education and special education have been blurred, so that any student who needs extra help can get it, without needing to carry a specific label.
Students receiving assistance under the school鈥檚 RTI effort earned better grades in Integrated Algebra/Geometry for the fi rst semester of this school year than other students in the same class who did not take part in the program.
SOURCE: Palmer High School
Palmer鈥檚 focus on 9th graders helps ease the transition to high school for students who need just a little extra boost. The process is also helping the school take the first steps to examine its overall academic program. When large numbers of students need intervention in a particular subject, the school is starting to look at whether the problem lies with the students, or poor instruction.
鈥淲e have to make sure that these kids have instructional problems, and they aren鈥檛 just suffering from instructional lapses,鈥� Mr. Koselak said.
Are Palmer High School鈥檚 efforts what response to intervention in high schools looks like?
Without scientific literature outlining an overall method for applying RTI to secondary schools, educators only have 鈥渂est guesses鈥� for what components a program should have to be successful, said Daryl F. Mellard, the director of the University of Kansas Center for Research in Learning, in Lawrence, Kan.
Others suggest that the best model of RTI is going to vary among schools, simply because high school is so complex. What鈥檚 most important is focusing on the effectiveness of the intervention measures, they say.
Judy L. Elliott, the chief academic officer for the 708,000-student Los Angeles Unified School District and a longtime proponent of RTI, acknowledges the structural challenges. But philosophically, 鈥渋t鈥檚 no different in high school than it is in the early grades,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 very hard, but it鈥檚 not rocket science. The bottom line is, what works?鈥�
In fact, researchers are beginning to pay attention to what high schools are doing.
鈥淓veryone is starting to ask questions,鈥� said Joseph Harris, the director of the National High School Center, a federally funded technical-assistance center in Washington. 鈥淭here鈥檚 just a lot of interest in what [secondary-level RTI] looks like, how should it be defined, how do you implement it.鈥�
The center, along with other organizations, is looking more closely at middle and high schools that are using RTI, in the hope of promoting some exemplary models.
鈥淭he question for us is, when is something RTI or when is something not RTI? It鈥檚 something we鈥檙e trying to tease out,鈥� said Helen M. Duffy, a research analyst for the Washington-based American Institutes for Research and the author of a titled 鈥淢eeting the Needs of Significantly Struggling Learners in High School: A Look at Tiered Intervention.鈥�
Among the questions researchers would like to see answered are: What tools are best for screening students? How should the success of a given intervention be evaluated? How can RTI be adjusted to work under the constraints of a semester system? What about the need for students to earn a certain number of credits to graduate?
Tiered instruction has teachers thinking about the full range of programs that exist in the school, said Charmyn Neumeyer, a literacy coach at Doherty High School, a 2,000-student high school in Colorado Springs鈥� District 11.
Many secondary schools seem to have launched RTI programs by telling teachers that they鈥檙e not much different than some of the programs already in place, which is a smart move, said Mr. Harris of the National High School Center. Introducing RTI as an entirely new concept that means more work would not go over well with most teachers, he said.
Jill Martin, the principal of another school that serves Colorado Springs, says leadership is a key ingredient鈥攏ot just from the principal, but from teachers, who must support the concept.
鈥淚t doesn鈥檛 feel brand-new to me,鈥� Ms. Martin, who leads Pine Creek High School in Academy District 20, a district of 20,000 students in the northern part of Colorado Springs, says of RTI. 鈥淚t feels like how I鈥檝e always thought about teaching kids. It鈥檚 the same good instincts that you use as a teacher, you use with RTI.鈥�
Pine Creek High has already embraced teacher collaboration through 鈥減rofessional learning communities,鈥� a concept promoted by former principal Richard DuFour.
鈥淪o those questions, what do we want kids to learn, and how do we know that they鈥檝e learned it, were questions we were asking teachers to do every day,鈥� said Ms. Martin, who was the 2007 National Principal of the Year.
鈥淭o me, at the high school level, this can鈥檛 work if there鈥檚 only a small group of people who are invested in it,鈥� Ms. Martin said. People have to see, she said, that 鈥渋t鈥檚 not an imposition, it鈥檚 a solution.鈥�
Response to intervention has fit into her school in a way similar to its implementation at Palmer High School. The school is using many of the interventions for students that it always had and has created an 鈥渙pportunity center鈥� as a place for students to get specific interventions as needed.
Kim Elliott, a Pine Creek High math teacher who works with students in the opportunity center, noted one quirk of teenagers that teachers of younger students may not have to deal with: When students were getting extra help in the library, they 鈥渨ere turning off the computers when people walked through. They said, 鈥榃e don鈥檛 want kids to see we鈥檙e in the dummy math class.鈥欌�� The school worked out a way to give the students more privacy, she said.
Having several interventions to choose from can make it hard to know exactly what鈥檚 working, said Toria McGill, an assistant principal at Pine Creek.
鈥淲e can鈥檛 withhold something we think might be helpful in order to get good data. We鈥檙e not in the research business,鈥� Ms. McGill said.
Colorado principals say they don鈥檛 have all the answers. But instructors do say what they鈥檙e doing now seems better than letting a youngster with academic problems slip through the cracks.
