Throughout the presidential campaign, the leading Democrats have been speaking from a similar script on education鈥攗ntil this month, when U.S. Sen. Barack Obama of Illinois suggested that he could be persuaded to support private school vouchers.
鈥淚f there was any argument for vouchers, it was 鈥楲et鈥檚 see if the experiment works,鈥� 鈥� of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel on Feb. 13. 鈥淎nd if it does, whatever my preconception, you do what鈥檚 best for kids.鈥�
That statement diverges from the stance of U.S. Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton of New York, who rejected any private-school-choice proposals with the same editors the next day.
Although Sen. Obama鈥檚 campaign has since downplayed his voucher comments, the exchange suggests that the two remaining Democratic contenders have subtle but important differences in their approaches to federal education policy, whether the topic is expanding school choice, rewriting the No Child Left Behind Act, or experimenting with new forms of teacher pay.
Sen. Obama, for example, believes the first step to fixing the NCLB law would be to ensure it is adequately funded, . He also proposes changing the law鈥檚 testing policies 鈥渢o track student progress to measure readiness for college and the workplace and improve student learning in a timely, individualized manner.鈥�
Sen. Clinton, meanwhile, suggests that the law needs to be substantially rewritten by improving the quality of tests and by adding new measures to its accountability system, such as graduation rates and scores on formative assessments.
The differences may not appear big to the typical voter, but they reflect the experiences of two candidates who have both been involved in education improvement efforts during their careers.
As first lady in Arkansas, Sen. Clinton worked on education policy issues, helping the state set educational standards and establish a teacher qualifying exam in the 1980s, said Catherine Brown, the domestic-policy adviser for the senator鈥檚 presidential campaign. Sen. Clinton also worked on education and social-welfare issues as a board member of the Children鈥檚 Defense Fund, a Washington-based advocacy group that lobbies for child-welfare needs.
Sen. Obama had significant experience working in Chicago in the 1990s as a grassroots organizer and as the chairman of an effort supporting community-based school reforms financed by the Annenberg Foundation.
鈥淭hey both bring a lot of knowledge to the table,鈥� said Cynthia G. Brown, the director of education policy at the Center for American Progress, a Washington think tank with links to prominent Democrats. (She is not related to Sen. Clinton鈥檚 domestic-policy adviser.)
And either candidate might be able to highlight educational issues in the general-election campaign to help attract bipartisan support against U.S. Sen. John McCain of Arizona, the likely Republican nominee. Although Sen. McCain hasn鈥檛 outlined a detailed education platform, he has called the NCLB law a 鈥済ood beginning鈥� on the campaign trail and has promoted private-school-voucher plans during his 25 years in Congress. (鈥淢cCain Emphasizes School Choice, Accountability, But Lacks Specifics,鈥� Feb. 20, 2008.)
鈥淚 expect education will give [Sen. Obama or Sen. Clinton] an opportunity to make important statements on an issue that鈥檚 not partisan,鈥� said Ms. Brown of the Center for American Progress.
Questions of Choice
In the lengthy presidential nominating process, which reaches what may be a critical day for the Democratic rivals in the Ohio and Texas primaries next week, education hasn鈥檛 been a front-burner issue for either party.
Although Sen. Clinton and Sen. Obama have proposed plans to expand access to preschool and to reduce college costs, those plans haven鈥檛 received much attention.
In televised debates early in the process, the two of them and the other Democratic hopefuls criticized the No Child Left Behind law, which is one of President Bush鈥檚 top domestic accomplishments. Sen. Clinton voted for the law in 2001, before Mr. Obama was in Congress. But the candidates鈥� proposals to fix the law haven鈥檛 been widely discussed in debates or in stump speeches.
While Sen. Clinton and Sen. Obama differ over how to fix the law, the biggest potential difference on education emerged when the issue of private school choice came up while they campaigned before the Feb. 19 Wisconsin primary.
School choice is a significant issue in the state because Milwaukee is the site of the longest-running publicly financed private-school- voucher program in the nation.
In answering a question about his stand on private school choice during his meeting with editors of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Sen. Obama started by saying that he was skeptical about private school choice and spent most of his time explaining why.
鈥淢y view has been that you are not going to generate the supply of high-quality schools to meet the demand,鈥� he said, according to a video posted on the newspaper鈥檚 Web site. 鈥淚nstead, what you鈥檙e going to get is a few schools that cream the kids that are easiest to teach,鈥� leaving groups such as students in special education in the public schools.
As he concluded his remarks, Sen. Obama suggested, though, that he could change his mind if a longitudinal study demonstrated increases in student achievement. The suggestion was a notable departure from the blanket opposition to vouchers that is standard for Democratic presidential candidates.
Such opposition is also a core position for the nation鈥檚 teachers鈥� unions, which are closely allied with the Democratic Party. Sen. Clinton has been endorsed by the 1.3 million-member American Federation of Teachers, while its Illinois and Chicago affiliates have been working for Sen. Obama.
The 3.2 million-member National Education Association has yet to make an endorsement, although Mr. Obama has the support of its Illinois affiliate. (鈥淭eachers鈥� Unions Take Own Path on Election,鈥� Jan. 30, 2008.)
In her meeting at the Milwaukee newspaper the day after its session with Sen. Obama, Sen. Clinton didn鈥檛 waver in her opposition to government support for private school choice.
鈥淚 still have doubts about the constitutionality of a voucher system,鈥� she told the newspaper鈥檚 editors. The senator said that if a district or state created a private-school-choice program, it would be hard to deny vouchers 鈥渢o certain applicants despite what might be very serious concerns about [a private school鈥檚] curriculum or approach.鈥�
As an example, she said that voucher laws could permit public money to be used to send a student to a white supremacist鈥檚 school or a 鈥渟chool of the jihad.鈥�
In a 2002 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Cleveland voucher program, which, like Milwaukee鈥檚, allows parents to use the publicly funded tuition aid at religious schools.
Some school choice advocates in Wisconsin said they were heartened by Sen. Obama鈥檚 comments.
鈥淚 was very pleased to see that he was open to the evidence,鈥� said Susan Mitchell, the president of School Choice Wisconsin, a Milwaukee- based nonprofit that advocates and performs outreach on behalf of school choice programs, and a political Independent. 鈥淚 thought it was quite refreshing that he would say whatever is best for the children is where I would be. 鈥� We鈥檙e accustomed to people saying 鈥榥o way鈥攏o matter what you tell me about how it works, we鈥檙e not going there.鈥� 鈥�
Later, provided to 澳门跑狗论坛, Sen. Obama鈥檚 campaign emphasized that the senator鈥檚 comments to the Milwaukee paper did not signal he had changed his opposition to private school choice.
鈥淪enator Obama has always been a critic of vouchers, and expressed his long-standing skepticism in that interview,鈥� the statement said. It added that the candidate has always voted against voucher proposals.
NCLB in Focus
While private school choice may be part of the debate during the presidential campaign, it鈥檚 unlikely the issue would be a defining issue for either Democrat if he or she won the presidency. But the next president is almost certain to play a significant role in the future of the No Child Left Behind law, which Congress is working to reauthorize. If Congress doesn鈥檛 complete the reauthorization this year, as many observers expect, the next president would put his or her stamp on the law鈥檚 revisions.
Both Sen. Clinton and Sen. Obama have criticized the law as requiring too much testing. Under NCLB, the latest version of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act first adopted under President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965, states must test students in grades 3-8 and once in high school in reading and mathematics.
In several campaign stops on behalf of his wife, former President Bill Clinton has called the law a 鈥渢rain wreck鈥� and placed some of the blame for it on Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., the chairman of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee, who made a high-profile endorsement of Sen. Obama late last month.
In a campaign stop in Keene, N.H., late last year, Sen. Clinton gave a detailed explanation of how she would change the law鈥檚 testing requirements.
鈥淚t is treating everybody as a little test-taker 鈥� and a lot of the curriculum has been eliminated in favor of teaching to the tests,鈥� she said, according to a video that has been posted on the YouTube Web site. Under the law, tests should be changed to provide 鈥渋ndividualized accountability based on how [individual] students do,鈥� she added.
Sen. Clinton also favors revising the law to add new measures for determining school success, such as scores on Advanced Placement tests, graduation rates, and the results of formative assessments, said Catherine Brown, her domestic- policy adviser.
Sen. Obama has similar ideas to improve assessments by basing accountability decisions on individual student progress and making test results more useful to teachers.
He proposes to give states money 鈥渢o implement a broader range of assessments that can evaluate higher-order skills, including students鈥� abilities to use technology, conduct research, engage in scientific investigation, solve problems, [and] present and defend their ideas,鈥� according to a fact sheet on educational issues distributed by the campaign. 鈥淭hese assessments will provide immediate feedback 鈥� so that teachers can begin improving student learning right away.鈥�
Merit Pay
Sen. Clinton and Sen. Obama have made somewhat different comments on teacher pay, but a close examination of their proposals suggests that both would support extra pay for teachers who take on additional responsibilities within their schools. And both say any proposals for alternative forms of compensation would have to be developed with and supported by unions and teachers.
In a speech to the NEA鈥檚 annual convention in July, Sen. Obama appeared to endorse the concept of merit pay based on teachers鈥� effectiveness, although he emphasized rewards and said the pay would not be tied to 鈥渁n arbitrary test score.鈥�
A bill he introduced in 2006 would have created a pilot project to evaluate teachers based in part on the test scores of their students.
Under his campaign proposal, teachers could earn extra pay for learning new skills, such as earning a degree in special education, or taking on leadership roles, including serving as mentors for new teachers, said Linda Darling-Hammond, an education professor at Stanford University who is advising the Obama campaign.
Sen. Clinton has endorsed meritpay plans that reward all school employees based on improvements in student achievement in the entire school. Her idea is modeled after the plan negotiated by the New York City public schools and the United Federation of Teachers. That union, like its national counterpart, the AFT, has endorsed Sen. Clinton.
Sen. Clinton also supports additional pay for teachers who work in subjects with a shortage of teachers, such as science and math, and in hard-to-staff schools, according to Ms. Brown, her adviser.
