The presumed November matchup produced by the long presidential-primary season that ended last week offers contrasting approaches to K-12 policy, along with some common ground on the basics of the No Child Left Behind Act.
Sen. John McCain of Arizona, the presumptive Republican nominee, and Sen. Barack Obama of Illinois, who last week secured enough delegates to claim the Democratic nomination, both express support for the NCLB law鈥檚 goals and its use of testing to measure schools鈥� success.
But Sen. McCain would promote market forces as a way to spur school improvement, and would likely seek to freeze education spending as part of a review of the effectiveness of federal programs.
Sen. Obama, meanwhile, promises to search for new ways of assessing students and to invest significantly in efforts to improve teacher quality.
Although education wasn鈥檛 a prominent issue in the Democratic or Republican primaries, it could emerge more clearly in the general-election campaign, one political scientist said last week. He pointed particularly to the potential for a sharper focus on where the candidates stand on the requirements for testing and accountability under the NCLB law.
In the past two presidential elections, the Democratic and Republican nominees supported the idea that the efforts to improve schools should include regular assessment of student progress and measures to hold schools accountable for increases in student achievement, said Patrick J. McGuinn, an assistant professor of political science at Drew University in Madison, N.J., who has written extensively about the politics of the NCLB law.
鈥淭he country hasn鈥檛 had a great debate about the costs and benefits of test-driven accountability,鈥� Mr. McGuinn said. 鈥淲e鈥檙e ripe for it right now.鈥�
Changes in Testing
On May 28, in his most extensive education speech of the primaries, Sen. Obama reaffirmed his support for the goals of the 6-year-old federal law, saying they were 鈥渢he right ones.鈥�
鈥淢ore accountability is right,鈥� he said at Mapleton Expeditionary School for the Arts in Thornton, Colo. 鈥淗igher standards are right.鈥�
But, Sen. Obama added, the federal government must provide enough money and other assistance to help substandard schools turn around, and he advocated improving the assessments that are the cornerstone of the law鈥檚 accountability system.
鈥淲e also need to realize that we can meet high standards without forcing teachers and students to spend most of the year preparing for a single, high-stakes test,鈥� he said.
During the primaries, Sen. Obama never criticized the NCLB law with the same ferocity as Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton of New York, his leading opponent for the nomination, or other Democrats candidates. Mr. Obama was not yet in the U.S. Senate when Congress passed the bipartisan measure in 2001 at the urging of President Bush.
鈥楪ood Beginning鈥�
Sen. McCain has said that he considers the NCLB law a 鈥済ood beginning.鈥�
He adds that the law needs to change to improve the way special education students and English-language learners are assessed. But he hasn鈥檛 suggested that he would change the way schools are held accountable for student performance under the law, which requires reading and mathematics tests in grades 3-8 and once during high school.
Sen. McCain has also said he would endorse federal programs that give parents broader school choice, such as vouchers for private schools, including religious schools.
Such initiatives are popular with Republican voters, but Sen. McCain鈥檚 strong support for the NCLB law isn鈥檛 widely endorsed by voters from either party, said one former Bush administration official.
Sen. McCain 鈥渋s putting himself in a difficult situation by embracing NCLB so wholeheartedly,鈥� said Michael J. Petrilli, the vice president of national policy and programs for the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, who served in the U.S. Department of Education during President Bush鈥檚 first term.
鈥淓verybody has acknowledged that the law needs some reworking,鈥� Mr. Petrilli said, 鈥渁nd he has created this huge opening for Senator Obama, who can now embrace the 鈥榤end it, don鈥檛 end it鈥� platform, which is going to sound like the common-sense platform.鈥�
Union Action
Still, some important new supporters of Sen. Obama will likely be urging him to recommend significant changes to the law.
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For more information and analysis on education and the 2008 presidential campaign, read .
On June 4, the day after Sen. Obama said he had the delegates to secure the nomination, the National Education Association announced it would endorse him in the general election. The 3.2 million-member teachers鈥� union is one of the most vocal critics of the NCLB law鈥檚 emphasis on testing.
While the NEA waited until Sen. Obama had essentially locked up the nomination before making any endorsement, the 1.3 million-member American Federation of Teachers was an early supporter of Sen. Clinton and worked actively on her behalf.
Because neither national teachers鈥� union supported Sen. Obama during the primaries, he may have the opportunity to be a 鈥渄ifferent kind of Democrat,鈥� said Joe Williams, the executive director of Democrats for Education Reform, a New York City-based political action committee that contributes money to Democratic candidates.
鈥淗e鈥檚 earned his independence so that he can really decide which of the unions鈥� positions he really wants to embrace and which ones he doesn鈥檛,鈥� Mr. Williams said. 鈥淭he conventional wisdom is the time that you鈥檝e got to pander to the unions is during the primary. He emerged victorious without [their help].鈥�
