Corrected: An earlier version of this story misspelled the name of Evelyn B. Holman, who retired last year after leading Bay Shore, N.Y., schools.
Running one of the nation鈥檚 largest school districts typically comes with prestige and pay that draw would-be educational superstars, but also pressure and political complexity that cause them to burn out far faster than leaders of the majority of districts.
A study published in the December issue of the American Educational Research Journal finds in 90 percent of 100 California districts studied, 43 percent of superintendents left within three years鈥攂ut 71 percent of superintendents left the largest 10 percent of districts, which include those of 29,000 or more students, during that time.
鈥淭hat is one of the more striking things that comes out of this research,鈥� said Jason A. Grissom, an assistant professor of public policy and education at Vanderbilt University鈥檚 Peabody College, in Nashville, Tenn., and a co-author of the study.
鈥淲hat we think we know about superintendent turnover or the superintendency in general is based on these big, high-profile urban districts, and it鈥檚 not clear at all that those are generalizable to most districts in the country,鈥� Mr. Grissom said.
鈥淚n everything from professional-development opportunities to school board training,鈥� he said, 鈥渨e鈥檙e skewing towards this selected subset, and we may not be developing the resources and support that the typical district needs.鈥�
While superintendent turnover has not received as much focus from researchers or policymakers as teacher or principal turnover, stability at the central office has been linked to a greater likelihood of success for new education initiatives, which typically take five to seven years to mature.
One analysis of more than 2,700 districts by the Denver-based Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning, or McREL, found that a one standard deviation improvement in the quality of a superintendent, as measured by researchers鈥� criteria, was associated with a 9.5 percentile-point gain on state tests for the average district, and that student achievement growth was linked to longer tenures of district leaders.
Consistent Numbers
Superintendent tenure looks very similar at 90 percent of California school districts, but the largest 10 percent have drastically higher turnover at the top, according to a new study. Researchers found leaders of districts with fewer than 29,000 students had greater than a 50-50 chance of remaining in place for at least three years, while the largest districts had more than a 70 percent chance of superintendent turnover in that time.
SOURCE: Vanderbilt University
Daniel A. Domenech, the executive director of the Alexandria, Va.-based American Association of School Administrators, said the California findings were in line with the AASA鈥檚 study of the tenure of its own superintendent members, who average three years in large urban districts and six years for urban, suburban, and rural districts.
The findings are also in line with superintendents鈥� tenure historically: A study in the Journal of School Leadership in 2003, just after implementation of the federal No Child Left Behind Act, found the length of district leaders鈥� tenure had been stable, between six and seven years on average, from 1975 through 1999.
For the new study, Mr. Grissom and co-author Stephanie Andersen, a senior research assistant at Washington University in St. Louis, used both administrative data and surveys of superintendents and school board members to track 215 superintendents in 100 randomly selected California districts from 2005-06 to 2009-10. They distinguished leaders who had retired from those who were fired or left for other reasons, and interviewed superintendents and board members about the climate of the districts and reasons for the departures.
鈥淭hose [largest] districts just have characteristics that are much different, in factors that really affect the length of a superintendent鈥檚 tenure,鈥� Mr. Grissom said. 鈥淭he politics of urban districts are higher-stakes: There鈥檚 more pressure on both the school board and the superintendents; there are more conflicts on the board and with the superintendent.鈥�
Still, superintendents typically traded up from smaller to larger districts, the researchers found. At the start of the study, 57 percent of the superintendents who later moved led rural districts, 39 percent led suburban districts, and 4 percent led urban districts. Three years later, 78 percent of leaders who had moved had ended up in suburban districts, 13 percent in urban, and only 9 percent in rural districts.
Leaders鈥� new districts had on average 2,300 more students than their original ones, and they had boosted their salaries on average from $109,761 to $131,110 a year.
While Mr. Grissom was not able to confirm that district leaders were using rural placements as steppingstones, he said he heard from individuals during the study that rural leadership positions are often seen by young superintendents as temporary placements on the road to bigger, higher-profile urban and suburban districts. He is conducting a longer longitudinal study of Missouri superintendents to determine how much career trajectory weighs into a leader鈥檚 decision to move to a larger district.
鈥淚 think there鈥檚 a danger in that,鈥� said Evelyn B. Holman, who retired last year after leading the more than 5,800-student Bay Shore, N.Y., schools for 17 years. Before that, she led the 13,000-student Wicomico County, Md., district, and now mentors district leaders in Suffolk County, N.Y.
鈥淚 think that it鈥檚 important for boards, and more important for superintendents, to not just take the first match for a job,鈥� Ms. Holman said. 鈥淚 think some superintendents thinking about moving up the ladder will just take the first job offered, but you really have to think, are you matched, skills-wise, with what they need? Will you enjoy working with this board and will you respect them?鈥�
Board Relations
A dysfunctional school board topped the list of reasons superintendents moved, the California study found. While the researchers initially separated the board鈥檚 internal functioning from its relationship with the district鈥檚 chief executive, 鈥渋t turns out the school boards who function well together ... are also the ones who are working well with their superintendents,鈥� Mr. Grissom said.
While the study did not find a link between low test-score growth and superintendent turnover, Mr. Domenech of the AASA said poor executive and school board relations can become a self-reinforcing cycle with turnover.
鈥淎 board will hire a superintendent, but then in a period of three to five years, that board turns over,鈥� he said, 鈥渁nd that superintendent is not the one they hired and there isn鈥檛 the same loyalty.
鈥淚n districts where you see the superintendents come and go, in some cases every year, those are dysfunctional because there鈥檚 never the length and the tenure necessary to make changes that are sustainable,鈥� said Mr. Domenech. A superintendent for nearly 30 years, he previously led districts in Fairfax County, Va., and Long Island, N.Y.
Hiring From Within
The power of continuity may help explain one hopeful finding in the study: Nearly three out of four leaders hired from within the district were still there three years later.
鈥淭he ones who are hired from within are not just a little more likely to stay; they鈥檙e a lot more likely to stay,鈥� Mr. Grissom said. 鈥淭hat finding was pretty stark.鈥�
That makes sense to Mr. Domenech, who said homegrown leaders often have local roots that keep them in place. And they are already familiar with a system that can take a year or more for a newcomer to learn, he said.
But that familiarity also can make it harder for in-house candidates to get hired in the first place, Mr. Domenech said.
鈥淪chool board members often come in and are looking to make changes, and they see an in-house candidate as part of the system they want to change,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut an in-house candidate who makes it has a much better chance of being successful as a superintendent in the long run.鈥�
A separate 2012 study conducted by Robert J. Gildea, an education doctoral candidate at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, in Indiana, Pa., found that districts that have had high superintendent mobility can better manage their leadership succession and combat a 鈥渞evolving door鈥� reputation by supporting more leadership training and mentoring opportunities for educators interested in becoming systemwide leaders.
