The Sources and Notes are organized into four sections: Chance for Success; K-12 Achievement, Transitions and Alignment, and School Finance.
CHANCE FOR SUCCESS
EARLY FOUNDATIONS
Family Income: Percent of dependent children (under 18 years of age) who live in above-low-income families. Low income is defined as 200 percent of the federal poverty level, which depends on the size and composition of the family. EPE Research Center analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau鈥檚 American Community Survey, 2009.
Parent Education: Percent of dependent children with at least one parent who holds a two- or four-year postsecondary degree. Ibid.
Parental Employment: Percent of dependent children with at least one parent who is steadily employed, defined as working full time (at least 35 hours per week) and year-round (at least 50 weeks during the previous year). Those not in the labor force are excluded from calculations. Active-duty military service is considered participation in the labor force. Ibid.
Linguistic Integration: Percent of dependent children whose parents are fluent speakers of English. Fluency is defined as being a native speaker or speaking the language 鈥渧ery well.鈥� All resident parents must be fluent in English for a family to be considered linguistically integrated. Ibid.
SCHOOL YEARS
Preschool Enrollment: Percent of 3- and 4-year-olds who are attending preschool, based on a three-year average. Both public and private education programs are counted. EPE Research Center analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau鈥檚 American Community Survey, 2007, 2008, and 2009.
Kindergarten Enrollment: Percent of eligible children attending public or private kindergarten programs, based on a three-year average. The size of the entering kindergarten cohort is calculated based on the number of 5- and 6-year-olds in a state. Ibid.
Elementary Reading Achievement: Percent of 4th graders in public schools who score at or above the 鈥減roficient鈥� level in reading on the 2009 State NAEP assessment. National Assessment of Educational Progress, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 2009.
Middle School Mathematics Achievement: Percent of 8th graders in public schools who score at or above the 鈥減roficient鈥� level in mathematics on the 2009 State NAEP assessment. National Assessment of Educational Progress, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 2009.
High School Graduation Rate: Percent of public high school students who graduate on time with a standard diploma for the 2006-07 school year. The graduation rate is calculated using the EPE Research Center鈥檚 Cumulative Promotion Index (CPI) formula with data from the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 Common Core of Data. EPE Research Center, 2010.
Young-Adult Education: Percent of young adults (ages 18 to 24) who are either currently enrolled in a postsecondary education program or who have already earned a postsecondary credential. Those still enrolled in high school programs are excluded from the calculation. EPE Research Center analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau鈥檚 American Community Survey, 2009.
ADULT OUTCOMES
Adult Educational Attainment: Percent of adults (ages 25 to 64) who have earned a postsecondary degree. Calculations include all individuals whose highest level of attained education is an associate, bachelor鈥檚, graduate, or professional degree. Ibid.
Annual Income: Percent of adults (ages 25 to 64) whose annual personal income reaches or exceeds the national median ($35,082 in July 2009 dollars). Only individuals in the labor force are included in calculations. Ibid.
Steady Employment: Percent of adults (ages 25 to 64) who are steadily employed, defined as working full time (at least 35 hours per week) and year-round (at least 50 weeks during the previous year). Those not in the labor force are excluded from calculations. Active-duty military service is considered participation in the labor force. Ibid.
K-12 ACHIEVEMENT
ACHIEVEMENT LEVEL
NAEP Mathematics 2009 (4th and 8th grades): Percent of public school students who score at or above the 鈥減roficient鈥� level in mathematics on the 2009 State NAEP assessment. National Assessment of Educational Progress, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 2009.
NAEP Reading 2009 (4th and 8th grades): Percent of public school students who score at or above the 鈥減roficient鈥� level in reading on the 2009 State NAEP assessment. Ibid.
ACHIEVEMENT GAINS
NAEP Mathematics Change 2003-2009 (4th and 8th grades): Change in NAEP scale scores for public school students between 2003 and 2009. Ibid.
NAEP Reading Change 2003-2009 (4th and 8th grades): Change in NAEP scale scores for public school students between 2003 and 2009. Ibid.
POVERTY GAP
Poverty Gap (4th grade reading and 8th grade math): Scale-score difference in 2009 NAEP achievement between public school students eligible and non-eligible for the National School Lunch Program. Larger values indicate wider gaps in performance with higher scores for non-eligible students. Ibid.
Poverty-Gap Change 2003-2009 (4th grade reading and 8th grade math): Change in the size of the poverty gap for public school students between 2003 and 2009. Ibid.
ACHIEVING EXCELLENCE
NAEP Mathematics 2009 Percent Advanced (8th grade): Percent of public school students who score at the 鈥渁dvanced鈥� level in mathematics on the 2009 State NAEP assessment. National Assessment of Educational Progress, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 2009.
NAEP Mathematics Percent Advanced Change 2003-2009 (8th grade): Change in the percent of students scoring at the NAEP 鈥渁dvanced鈥� level in mathematics between 2003 and 2009. Ibid.
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION
High School Graduation Rate: Percent of public high school students who graduate on time with a standard diploma for the 2006-07 school year. The graduation rate is calculated using the EPE Research Center鈥檚 Cumulative Promotion Index (CPI) formula with data from the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 Common Core of Data. EPE Research Center, 2010.
Change in Graduation Rate: Change in public high school graduation rate between 2000 and 2007. Ibid.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT
High AP Test Scores: Number of high AP test scores (3 or above) per 100 students in grades 11 and 12. Analysis is specific to public school students. EPE Research Center analysis of data from the College Board鈥檚 AP Summary Reports and the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 Common Core of Data, 2009.
Change in High AP Scores: Change in the ratio of high AP scores for public school students between 2000 and 2009. Ibid.
TRANSITIONS AND ALIGNMENT
EARLY-CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
Early-Learning Standards: State has early-learning standards that describe what preschool students should know and be able to do and has aligned those expectations with academic standards in the elementary grades. EPE Research Center annual state policy survey, 2010.
School-Readiness Definition: State has a formal definition of school readiness that specifies the characteristics of a child ready to enter school and become a successful student. Ibid.
School-Readiness Assessment: State administers a statewide school-readiness assessment or requires local school districts to assess the readiness of entering students. Ibid.
Readiness Interventions: State provides students not meeting school-readiness expectations with targeted services that go beyond what is required under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Programs that identify children based solely on demographic characteristics do not receive credit. Ibid.
Kindergarten Standards: State has standards describing what kindergarten students should know and be able to do and has aligned those expectations with elementary and secondary academic standards. Ibid.
COLLEGE READINESS
College-Readiness Definition: State has formal expectations for what students will need to know and be able to do in order to be admitted to the state鈥檚 postsecondary institutions and enroll in credit-bearing courses. EPE Research Center annual state policy survey, 2010.
College-Prep Required: State requires all students to take courses designed for students bound for four-year colleges or universities in order to receive a standard high school diploma. States receiving credit have defined a college-preparatory curriculum or identified its components. Ibid.
Course Credits Aligned: State has aligned course-credit requirements for earning the standard high school diploma with requirements for admission into the state鈥檚 postsecondary institutions. Ibid.
Aligning High School Assessments: State has aligned the content of high school assessments with academic expectations for two-year and/or four-year colleges and universities. Ibid.
Postsecondary Decisions: State uses results from its standardized high school assessments to determine whether students will be admitted to state universities, be permitted to enroll in credit-bearing college courses in particular academic subjects, or be selected to receive academic scholarships. Ibid.
ECONOMY AND WORKFORCE
Work-Readiness Definition: State has formal expectations for what high school students will need to know and be able to do in order to be prepared for the workplace. EPE Research Center annual state policy survey, 2010.
Career-Tech Diploma: State gives students the option of earning a standard high school diploma with a concentration or endorsement in a career or technical field based upon the completion of a sequence of career-technical coursework. Ibid.
Industry Certification: State offers high school students the option of participating in a career or technical program or pathway that leads to an industry-recognized certificate or license. Ibid.
Portable Credits: State offers high school students the option of participating in a career or technical program or pathway allowing them to earn course credits that will be accepted by programs in the state鈥檚 postsecondary education system. Ibid.
SCHOOL FINANCE
EQUITY
The EPE Research Center conducted an original analysis to calculate four distinct indicators that capture the degree to which education funding is equitably distributed across the districts within a state. In analyses adjusting for characteristics of the student population, students in poverty receive a weight of 1.2 and special education students receive a weight of 1.9.
Wealth-Neutrality Score: This indicator captures the degree to which a school district鈥檚 revenue (state and local sources) is correlated with its property-based wealth. Positive values indicate that wealthier districts have higher revenue levels. EPE Research Center analysis using: U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 Common Core of Data (CCD) 2005-06, 2006-07, and 2007-08 (district-level data); NCES Comparable Wage Index 2005; U.S. Census Bureau鈥檚 Public Elementary-Secondary Education Finance Data for 2008; U.S. Census Bureau鈥檚 Small-Area Income and Poverty Estimates 2008; U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 School District Demographics data from the 2000 Census.
McLoone Index: Indicator value is the ratio of the total amount spent on pupils below the median to the amount that would be needed to raise all students to the median per-pupil expenditure in the state. The index defines perfect equity as a situation in which every district spends at least as much as the district serving the median student in the state (ranked according to per-pupil expenditures). EPE Research Center analysis using: U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 Common Core of Data (CCD) 2005-06, 2006-07, and 2007-08 (district-level data); NCES Comparable Wage Index 2005; U.S. Census Bureau鈥檚 Public Elementary-Secondary Education Finance Data for 2008; U.S. Census Bureau鈥檚 Small-Area Income and Poverty Estimates 2008.
Coefficient of Variation: This indicator measures the level of variability in funding across school districts in a state. The value is calculated by dividing the standard deviation of per-pupil expenditures (adjusted for regional cost differences and student needs) by the state鈥檚 average spending per pupil. Ibid.
Restricted Range: The restricted range is the difference between spending levels for the districts serving students at the 5th and 95th percentiles of the per-pupil-expenditure distribution. Ibid.
SPENDING
Adjusted Per-Pupil Expenditures: Average statewide per-student spending, adjusted for variations in regional costs using the NCES Comparable Wage Index 2005. EPE Research Center analysis using: National Center for Education Statistics, Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 2007-08 (Fiscal Year 2008), May 2010.
Percent of Students in Districts With PPE at or Above U.S. Average: Expenditures are adjusted for regional cost differences and student needs. EPE Research Center analysis using: U.S. Census Bureau鈥檚 Public Elementary-Secondary Education Finance Data for 2008; CCD district-level data 2005-06, 2006-07, and 2007-08; NCES Comparable Wage Index 2005; and U.S. Census Bureau鈥檚 Small-Area Income and Poverty Estimates 2008.
Spending Index: Index gauges state spending according to the percent of students served by districts spending at or above the national average as well as the degree to which lower-spending districts fall short of that national benchmark. Expenditures are adjusted for regional cost differences and student needs. Ibid.
Percent of Total Taxable Resources Spent on Education: Share of state resources spent on K-12 education. EPE Research Center analysis using: state and local revenues from the National Center for Education Statistics, Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 2007-08 (Fiscal Year 2008), May 2010; 2008 gross-state-product data from the U.S. Department of Commerce鈥檚 Bureau of Economic Analysis.
