Toronto
When 13-year-old Andr茅 Cordeiro moved from rural Portugal to Toronto, the only English words he knew were, 鈥渉i,鈥� 鈥渂ye,鈥� and 鈥渉ot dog.鈥� Four years later, he speaks English 鈥渨ay better鈥� and credits the English-learner class he attends every morning at Islington Junior Middle School.
With just six other students in that class, the teacher answers Andr茅鈥檚 questions right away, unlike in the larger, mainstream classes he attends every afternoon. He鈥檚 more at ease in his morning class because no one speaks English fluently. 鈥淚 feel kind of equal,鈥� said Andr茅, now in 8th grade. 鈥淭here鈥檚 not as much pressure if I make a mistake.鈥�
Three-fourths of the roughly 500 students at Islington, a K-8 school in Toronto, speak a language other than English at home, including Somali, Arabic, Korean, Bengali, and Russian. But far from being unusual, this diverse school mirrors Canada鈥檚 largest city, where almost half the 2.7 million population is foreign-born.
Overall, 30 percent of Canada鈥檚 schoolchildren are either immigrants themselves or have at least one parent born abroad. That鈥檚 compared with 23 percent of U.S. students who are immigrants or children of immigrants. Yet Canada has one of the highest performing education systems in the world as ranked by the Program for International Assessment, or PISA, test that 15-year-olds from more than 70 countries take. The United States鈥� rankings, by contrast, are mediocre.
Part of Canada鈥檚 success is connected to its strong track record on educating immigrants. Within three years of arriving in Canada鈥檚 public schools, PISA tests show that children of new migrants do as well as native-born children.
This is surprising because, generally, immigrant children face considerable obstacles in school and do 鈥渟ignificantly worse鈥� than their non-immigrant peers, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
鈥淭hese students are often labeled as having a double disadvantage,鈥� said Louis Volante, an education professor at Brock University in Ontario. 鈥淭hey have to adjust to a different way of doing things and they also generally have a low socioeconomic status in their new host country.鈥� And refugee children often have a 鈥渢riple disadvantage,鈥� Volante said, since many of them also have experienced trauma because of war or natural disasters.
So what鈥檚 behind Canada鈥檚 success in educating immigrants?
For one, Canada selects immigrants mainly based on their ability to settle in Canada and take part in its economy, unlike the U.S., which largely has a family reunification approach. Prospective newcomers to Canada receive points for job skills, education levels, as well as proficiency in English or French, the two national languages. Across most of Canadian society, immigration is largely seen as positive and necessary for the country鈥檚 economic success.
Andreas Schleicher, director for education and skills at the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Developments, or OECD, says those policy and cultural differences on immigration give Canadians an advantage over U.S. schools, where immigrant students and their families are more likely to come from impoverished circumstances and the political environment for immigrants is much more fraught. But he says that doesn鈥檛 fully account for the high performance of immigrant children.
鈥淭ake wealthy immigrant children in the United States, they will do a lot worse than the same kind of immigrant children in Canada,鈥� he said. And the flip side is also true, Schleicher said, pointing out that low-income immigrant children do better in Canada.
鈥淭here鈥檚 a lot Canada does to allow immigrant kids to achieve these results,鈥� he said.
But there are still achievement gaps. While Canada overall does well on PISA, there are significant differences in student performance among the provinces. Within Ontario, English-learners still lag behind in reading and math compared to their native-English speaking peers.
Still, Canada鈥檚 experience may hold some important lessons for public schools in the United States, where there is a significant and persistent gap in reading and math test scores between English-learners and their English-speaking peers. English-learners in American schools鈥攎any of whom are born in the U.S.鈥攁re also less likely to take advanced courses and graduate from high school. Those gaps in performance carry profound implications for U.S. schools and broader American society as the numbers of children who speaking a language other than English at home continue to grow.
Making Academics Meaningful
Similar to what happens in American schools, English-learners in Canada are assessed when they enter school. Most can read and write in their home language but have limited English skills. They might be placed in regular classes with additional one-on-one language instruction. But a growing number of children arriving in Canada have had interrupted schooling and are not at grade level in their home language either. Since 2014, the province of Ontario has accepted more than 10,000 refugees from Syria, half of them children.
Hyam Al Tarifi, 13, was among the first wave of refugees to arrive in Toronto in 2015. Her family fled Syria for Jordan after several relatives were killed in the war there. 鈥淚t was the baddest life,鈥� she said of her three years in Jordan. She could only go to school after the Jordanian children finished their classes. But Canada has been different. 鈥淪chool is very nice, my teachers are so kind.鈥�
Children like Hyam, who have missed months, or sometimes years, of schooling, are among the most challenged English-learners. In Toronto, they are in a special program called the Literacy Enrichment Academic Program, or LEAP. Students are expected to make two academic years of progress each year so they can catch up with their English-speaking peers quickly and be in mainstream classes full time within three years.
Ann Woomert teaches 7th and 8th grade students enrolled in LEAP at Islington. She uses props, speaks clearly, and writes unfamiliar terms in large letters on a whiteboard.
Woomert wants her students to see that they can contribute to the school, and not just feel they are being helped all the time. She asks them to create simple booklets, with a glossary and a 鈥榤eet the author鈥� page and answer questions about topics that were unfamiliar to them before they moved to Canada, such as 鈥榃hat Is a Backpack?鈥� 鈥榃hat is Recess?鈥� and 鈥楾he Gym.鈥� Woomert prints the booklets on glossy paper and they become part of the library in her class. 鈥淭eachers often ask 鈥榳here can I get resources?鈥� The students are the best resources,鈥� she said.
Intentional Integration
In the afternoon at Islington, all English-learners join mainstream classes, working side-by-side with native English-speaking students their age. There are 25 8th graders in Dalia Mukherjee鈥檚 science class, including Hyam and Andr茅.
This intentional integration is on display in every school in Toronto. Principals post signs in multiple languages prominently throughout their school buildings, teachers are encouraged to learn phrases in languages their students speak, and English-learners are expected to be included in all activities including reading the morning announcements and performing in school productions.
In Canada, the phrase, 鈥渨e鈥檙e a mosaic, not a melting pot鈥� is commonplace. Immigrants are encouraged to maintain their home language, even while they鈥檙e learning English. 鈥淭here is that understanding that there鈥檚 no hierarchy of languages; all languages are equal,鈥� said Sandra Mills-Fisher, the program coordinator of the English-learner department in the Toronto school district.
The Toronto school system has created several dual-language books with suggested activities and online resources in multiple languages, especially for parents. There are free, vetted interpreters available for in-person or phone parent-teacher conferences. And parents are often invited to share aspects of their culture at the school so their children feel a sense of pride in where they come from.
Janet McCarrol, who teaches English-as-a-second language, said building relationships with immigrant students and their families is essential to helping them thrive. In her classroom at Islington, she set up a red tea set after learning how culturally important tea is for many of her Middle Eastern students. While she talks to parents, the children make and serve tea. 鈥淚t gives them a sense that 鈥榯his is my space. The teacher respects this as part of my upbringing.鈥欌��
Teacher quality is one of the most important school-based influences on how well students learn and perform academically. In Canada, ensuring that top-notch teaching talent gets into the nation鈥檚 classrooms starts with a rigorous teacher selection process.
鈥淚t鈥檚 very competitive鈥� says Janette Pelletier, a professor at the University of Toronto. Last year, her university鈥檚 teacher-preparation program had almost 400 applicants for 75 available slots. And the government covers the costs of teacher preparation for prospective educators, said Linda Darling-Hammond, a professor emeritus at Stanford University. Because funding is centrally allocated through each province, there is less variability in teacher pay.
In some U.S. states, students鈥� test scores can have repercussions for job security for principals and teachers, school funding, and whether a school remains open. But that鈥檚 not the case in Canada where test scores have no bearing on job security, bonuses, or pay. Islington Principal Rocco Coluccio says he鈥檚 鈥渘ot at all nervous鈥� about test results. 鈥淲e have conversations with our superintendents about how we鈥檙e doing. There aren鈥檛 consequences.鈥�
Schleicher, of the OECD, said Canada has 鈥渨eaker鈥� accountability for its schools than the U.S. does, but a stronger support system for teachers. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a lot better emphasis on teacher professional growth than in the United States,鈥� he said.
Making Equity a Priority
John Malloy came to Toronto as a teacher from Ohio almost 30 years ago. Now, as the director of education for the Toronto District School Board, he oversees almost 600 schools and approximately 245,000 students in the city. On 2017 tests, 75 percent of students in the city鈥檚 schools scored proficient in reading and 65 percent did so in math, with both slightly higher than the provincial average. The city鈥檚 overall graduation rate is 85 percent. In Ontario, graduation rates for English-learners are not reported separately.
Canada does not have a federal department of education. The 13 provinces and territories create and implement their own policies for precollegiate education, even though there is a lot of sharing of curriculum and best practices. But Malloy is certain that the key difference between schools in the U.S. and Canada is how they are funded.
In provincial Ontario, school districts don鈥檛 just rely on local property taxes. All money collected from taxpayers is routed through the provincial government. So every student in Ontario gets the same per-pupil funding, making it more equitable than in the U.S., where per-pupil funding in different school districts within a state can vary a lot. Malloy says in addition to this 鈥渉ealthy鈥� per-student amount of $12,000, schools also receive approximately $10,000 per English-learner over four years, as well as additional grants. 鈥淚 would suggest that we have access to more supports than many other places,鈥� said Malloy.
Many Canadian teaching practices with English-learners are similar to those used in U.S. classrooms. But, just as with funding in the U.S., there is variation from district to district and state to state in how English-learners are taught.
Darling-Hammond argues that Canada鈥檚 best lesson for U.S. schools is that it is possible to scale up success. 鈥淭he best education in the United States is at least as good or better than the education you can find in Canada or any other country in the world,鈥� she said.
鈥淥ur big issue is we don鈥檛 do our best work equitably for all kids in all communities. And Canada has shown us that you can provide a high level of education across provinces and even across a country.鈥�
It Takes A Neighborhood
Twenty-six high school students are in a quiet, darkened classroom, eyes closed and breathing in unison. On the other side of the door is a busy hallway teeming with students on lunch break at Marc Garneau Collegiate Institute. When the students move on to do stretches, there are faint giggles as they bump into each other. This is a 鈥楳ind Your Mind鈥� class for 15- to 18-year-olds, meant to reduce stress and promote mental health.
One student, 18-year-old Aslam Azami, is from Afghanistan and came to Canada just two years ago. He鈥檚 now in 12th grade and dealing with anxieties familiar to young people on the verge of a major transition. 鈥淎ll the stress builds up from the subjects, all the homework, tests, and exams,鈥� he said. 鈥淎nd then applying for universities. It鈥檚 your last year to decide your future.鈥�
At first, Aslam was a little nervous and unsure whether this class would help, but now he shows up regularly. 鈥淭his place is very welcoming place.鈥�
Nicole D鈥檚ousa, a youth mental-health worker, runs the class. She has an office at the school, but she works for The Neighbourhood Organization, one of Ontario鈥檚 network of more than 200 settlement centers. These are community organizations, funded in part by the federal government, and meant to help immigrants and refugees with their 鈥渉ealthy social, economic, and cultural integration鈥� into Canadian society. The centers provide a range of services to immigrants: computer classes, help with finding jobs, and navigating the free national health system to name a few.
Apart from the breathing exercises, students in this class make slime, create posters, and write positive messages. 鈥淚t鈥檚 just a way for them to de-stress,鈥� said D鈥檚ousa. She says beyond the academic pressures of school, the students often feel stress from not knowing the language well or how the school system works. There are social pressures too, like struggles to connect with their peers and make friends. The settlement workers offer mentoring programs, tutoring, and afterschool clubs. Other times these settlement workers become critical cultural navigators.
Supports like this one are offered on top of the district鈥檚 cadre of counselors, social workers, and psychologists. Having so many coordinated, intentional social supports for students and their families is a hallmark of the Canadian school system.
Malini Singh coordinates settlement services at The Neighbourhood Office in Thorncliffe, an immigrant heavy enclave in Toronto. They served almost 22,000 newcomers last year鈥攁nything from teaching them how to dress for the winter and how to pack school lunches for their children to career counseling. 鈥淲e have every service that a newcomer to Canada will need. We鈥檙e a one-stop shop,鈥� said Singh. In the U.S., much of this work would be done by nonprofit providers and religious organizations.
In Canada, socioeconomic status is less predictive of a student鈥檚 performance than in the U.S. Having a strong safety net is critical for ensuring stronger educational outcomes, said Volante, because even when the programs help adults, the benefits affect children. 鈥淲e shouldn鈥檛 divorce education policies from broader social protection and economic policies,鈥� he said.
Growing Backlash Against Immigrants
Canada has traditionally been welcoming to immigrants.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 an important thing that permeates how the broader society views different immigrant groups,鈥� Volante said. Teenagers who feel part of a school community are more likely to perform better academically and to be happier with their lives. So, it鈥檚 not a stretch to see how this positive social climate can help new immigrants thrive.
Canada selects immigrants using a competitive point system that favors skilled, well-educated applicants. On a scale of 100, prospective immigrants can earn up to 25 points for education. In Canada, almost 75 percent of first-generation immigrants are born to parents who are at least as educated as the average parent of a non-immigrant student; in the U.S. it鈥檚 less than a third. Because of that, immigrants to Canada are widely seen to be critical to building the country鈥檚 economy. While schools do not ask about immigration status, those who enter the country illegally is not a widespread problem in Canada. The nation reportedly has about 150,000 unauthorized immigrants, compared to roughly 11 million in the U.S.
But Canada has not been immune to the growing anti-immigrant sentiment that has become more pervasive in the U.S. and in European countries in recent years. A government survey released late last year showed a small increase from 23 percent to 27 percent of respondents who think the country is letting in too many immigrants.
Diana Gunel and Mitra Shekari are 18-year-old students in Toronto. Both say immigration is slowly becoming more of a 鈥渟ore subject鈥� among Canadians. They鈥檝e even noticed a more judgmental attitude toward immigrants in class. Gunel鈥檚 parents moved here from Iran and Shekari鈥檚 from Turkey, but both say because they don鈥檛 look traditionally Middle Eastern, people share their views more freely. 鈥淲e鈥檙e like, 鈥榯hat鈥檚 our family being affected,鈥欌�� said Shekari. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think you should be talking about this in this kind of way.鈥�
Andr茅 Cordeiro will be 14 soon. His language skills, along with his math and reading performance, are developing rapidly. 鈥淚 know how to answer questions in class now,鈥� he says proudly.
Andr茅 hopes to soon be in mainstream classes full time. And while Canada is now home, he still misses friends and family back in Portugal. 鈥淢aybe when I鈥檓 older I鈥檒l have a house there,鈥� he says. 鈥淚 can visit during Canadian winters!鈥�
